Prevention and Health Promotion - Tutorial 2 Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is health promotion?
Health promotion is an over-arching principle/activity which enhances health and includes disease prevention, health education and health protection. It may be planned or opportunistic.
i.e. any planned activity designed to enhance health or prevent disease
How does health promotion promote health?
Through a combination of legislation, the provision of preventative services such as immunisation and the development of activities to promote and maintain change to a healthier lifestyle
What does health promotion vary with?
Population
Environment
Sex
Socioeconomic class
What does health promotion in the UK look at?
Settings - e.g. workplace, school and hospital along with community development
What is health affected by and which of these are affected by health promotion?
Genetics
Access
Environment
Lifestyle
Access, environment and lifestyle are affected by health promotion
Attempts must be made to justify what in relation to health promotion?
Input of human and financial resources to health promotion
Describe the theories of health promotion
Educational
Socioeconomic
Psychological
Educational - provides knowledge and education to enable necessary skills to make informed choices re health, may be one-to-one or group workshop e.g. smoking, diet, diabetes
Socioeconomic (Radical) - ‘makes healthy choice the easy choice’, national policies e.g. unemployment, redistribute income
Psychological - complex relationship between behaviour, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. Activities start from an individual attitude to health and readiness to change. Emphasis on whether individual is ready to change
What is health education?
An activity involving communication with individuals or groups aimed at changing knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and behaviour in a direction which is conductive to improvements in health
What is health protection?
Involves collective activities directed at factors which are beyond the control of the individual. Health protection activities tend to be regulations or policies, or voluntary codes of practice aimed at the prevention of ill-health or the positive enhancement of well-being.
Why is health promotion relevant?
Consider poor lifestyles, exercise, diet etc. and the burden of chronic disease and the ageing population on the NHS
Consider primary care system, health visitors, chronic disease clinics
What is empowerment?
Empowerment refers to the generation of power in those individuals and groups which previously considered themselves to be unable to control situations nor act on the basis of their choices
What are the benefits of empowerment?
An ability to resist social pressure
An ability to utilise effective coping strategies when faces by an unhealthy environment
A heightened consciousness of action
What are the challenges to successful health promotion?
Some doctors are cynical about health promotion and question if the resources allocated to it are money well spent
It is worth noting that the majority of health activities in secondary and primary care have never been adequately evaluated, what has been done in response to this?
In response, the UK government has set up the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) to review evidence and develop appropriate guidelines to practice
Catford (1993) has suggested that there should be a common set of criteria to assess the performance and quality of health promotion activities that he has called ‘vital signs of quality’, what do these include?
Does the activity understand and respond to people’s needs fairly?
Is it built upon an identifiable approach to health promotion?
Does it demonstrate a sense of direction and coherence?
Are connections made between settings, individual and community approaches?
What are the stages of the cycle of change?
Precontemplation Contemplation Action Maintenance Relapse
What are examples of health promotion in primary care?
Planned - posters, chronic disease clinics, vaccinations
Opportunistic - advice within surgery, smoking, diet, taking BP
What are examples of government health promotion?
Legislation - legal age limits, smoking ban, health and safety, clean air act, Highway Code
Economic - tax on cigarettes and alcohol
Education - HEBS
What is primary prevention?
Measures taken to prevent onset of illness or injury
Reduces probability and/or severity of illness or injury
E.g. smoking cessation, immunisation
What is secondary prevention?
Detection of a disease at an early (preclinical) stage in order to cure, prevent, or lessen symptomatology
Earliest opportunity is when a disease becomes evident or detectable
Ends when disease becomes symptomatic
What are the Wilson and Junger (1968) criteria that need to be taken into consideration before setting up a screening programme?
Will the test detect the condition at an early pre-clinical stage?
Is the disease an important public health problem?
Is the natural history of the disease adequately understood?
Is a test available for the condition?
Is the test sensitive (low false negatives)?
Is the test specific (low false positives)?
Is the test safe?
Is the test acceptable to the public and professionals involved?
Is the cost of the test reasonable?
Does the overall cost-benefit analysis make it worthwhile e.g. number of tests required to save one life?
Is treatment for the conditions being screened for of proven effectiveness?
Is treatment for the condition being screened for safe?
Is treatment for the condition being screened for acceptable to public and professionals?
Are facilities for diagnosis and treatment available
What is tertiary prevention?
Measures to limit distress or disability caused by disease e.g. osteoarthritis, motor neurone disease
