Prevention of dental caries

Question 1

what is the impact of caries on preschool children

Answer 1

aesthetic problems
loss of function
pain
infection

Question 2

why is it easy for an abscess to spread in younger children

Answer 2

bone is softer

Question 3

what is the distribution of caries in the population

Answer 3

skewed

25% of scottish chidden have 75% of disease

Question 4

what are risk indicators in children

Answer 4

Oral hygiene
	Diet
	Bacterial exposure
	Socioeconomic status
	Breast/bottle feeding
	Fluoride exposure
	Parental smoking
	Parental oral health status

Question 5

what is early childhood caries also known as

Answer 5

nursing caries

Question 6

what is the typical cause of nursing caries

Answer 6

inappropriate use of feeding cups and bottles

Question 7

what teeth does nursing caries generally affect

Answer 7

upper anterior and molar teeth

Question 8

should women be advised to take fluoride supplements during pregnancy

Answer 8

no - there is no benefit to the child taking fluoride supplements during pregnancy

Question 9

when should a child be taken off breast feeding

Answer 9

1 year

Question 10

when should we stop on demand feeding

Answer 10

6 months

Question 11

why is breast milk beneficial

Answer 11

has maternal antibodies

Question 12

when should a feeding cup rather than a bottle be recommended

Answer 12

6 months

Question 13

what type of spout should bottles have

Answer 13

free flow spout

Question 14

why should soya milk not be recommended

Answer 14

cariogenic

Question 15

if there is suspicion of the use of sweetened drink what is the advice

Answer 15

restrict to meal times only
dilute
drink through a straw

Question 16

where should the straw be placed

Answer 16

at the back of the mouth, on top of the tongue and not touching the anterior teeth

Question 17

what is the main dietary advice

Answer 17

restrict sugary food and drink to meal times onlye
encourage use of non sugar sweeteners
encourage sugar free chewing gum
prescribe sugar free medicine

Question 18

what are the safe drinks between meal times

Answer 18

water

milk

Question 19

what are the safe snacks

Answer 19

milk/water
fruit
savory sandwiches
crackers and cheese
bread sticks
crisps

Question 20

how can we analyse diet

Answer 20

diet diary

Question 21

how can fluoride be delivered

Answer 21

water
tooth paste
supplementary self delivered
professionally delivered

Question 22

what are the supplementary self delivered fluoride possibilities

Answer 22

drops
tablets
mouth rinse

Question 23

what are the different ways fluoride can be professionally delivered

Answer 23

APF gels
varnishes
slow release devices

Question 24

what percentage of the UK receives fluoridated water

Answer 24

7

Question 25

what is the optimum level of water fluoridation

Answer 25

1.0 ppm

Question 26

when should we start toothbrushing

Answer 26

as soon as first primary teeth erupt

Question 27

under what age to children lack the dexterity to brush their own teeth effectively

Answer 27

8

Question 28

when should young children have their teeth brushed

Answer 28

by an adult before bed and at one other time in the day

Question 29

what is the fluoride ppm in child formulations

Answer 29

1000 ppm

Question 30

what is the fluoride ppm in standard fluoride toothpaste

Answer 30

1400-1500 ppm

Question 31

what is the ppm in enhanced fluoride toothpaste e.g durapahat

Answer 31

2800 ppm

Question 32

what is the fluoride strength recommendation for standard risk kids up to 3 years old

Answer 32

1000

Question 33

what is the fluoride strength reccomendation in children 4-16 years standard risk

Answer 33

1000-1500ppm

Question 34

what is the fluoride risk recommendation in high risk children under 10 years

Answer 34

1500 ppm

Question 35

what is the fluoride risk recommendation in high risk children 10 and over

Answer 35

2800 ppm - prescription only

Question 36

what is the fluoride concentration in high risk 16 years old and over

Answer 36

5000ppm

Question 37

what is the amount of tooth paste in children under 3

Answer 37

a smear - 0.1ml

Question 38

what is the amount of tooth paste for children aged 3 and over

Answer 38

a pea sized amount - approx 0.25 ml

Question 39

what do we need to know when assessing whether the fluoride ingested is enough to be toxic

Answer 39

weight of child | amount of paste swallowed

Question 40

how much mg of fluoride in a 90 g tube of 1000ppm toothpaste

Answer 40

90 mg

Question 41

what is the amount of toothpaste ingested tp receive a probably toxic dose

Answer 41

5mg/kg

Question 42

how do you manage fluoride toxicity if under 5mg/kg is ingested

Answer 42

give calcium orally (milk) and observe for a few hours

Question 43

how do you manage fluoride toxicity if 5-15 mg/kg is taken

Answer 43

give calcium orally (milk, calcium gluconate, calcium lactate) and admit to hospital

Question 44

how do you manage fluoride toxicity if greater than 15mg/kg is ingested

Answer 44

admit to hospital immediately, cardiac monitoring and life support as well as intravenous calcium gluconate.

Question 45

why do we not induce vomiting anymore

Answer 45

risk of aspiration of vomitus.

Question 46

From what age can fluoride mouthwash be given

Answer 46

over 6 years of age - must assess child's ability to properly expectorate

Question 47

how often should a fluoride varnish be placed

Answer 47

at least twice yearly for preschool children at increased risk of caries high risk adults as well

Question 48

what is health education

Answer 48

Health education is a process that results in individuals or groups having increased knowledge related to health.

Question 49

what is healthy promotion

Answer 49

supports individuals in translating their health knowledge into positive behaviors and lifestyles.

Question 50

when do we start oral health promotion in children

Answer 50

from 3 years of age

Question 51

what should we do for diagnosis

Answer 51

clinical exam | bitewing radiographs

Question 52

what are the other ways to diagnose

Answer 52

``` o Fiberoptic transillumination o Temporary tooth separation o Air abrasion o Co2 laser o Electric caries meter ```

Question 53

how often do we take bitewings for high risk children

Answer 53

6 months

Question 54

how often do we take bitewings for low risk

Answer 54

12-18 months