Previous Exam

Question 1

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Phenobarbital USP

Answer 1

Malonic‑ester condensation (Knoevenagel condensation)

Question 2

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Aniline

Answer 2

Reduction (nitro → amine via catalytic hydrogenation)

Question 3

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Chlorobenzene

Answer 3

Electrophilic aromatic halogenation

Question 4

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Propranolol HCl

Answer 4

Williamson ether synthesis (nucleophilic substitution)

Question 5

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Vinyl Acetate

Answer 5

Esterification (acetoxylation of ethylene)

Question 6

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Diethyl Ether

Answer 6

Etherification (acid‑catalyzed dehydration)

Question 7

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Nitro Benzene

Answer 7

Nitration (electrophilic aromatic nitration)

Question 8

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Furosemide

Answer 8

Sulfonylation (sulfonamide formation)

Question 9

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Ascorbic Acid

Answer 9

Oxidation (lactone formation of sugar)

Question 10

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Cimetidine

Answer 10

Nucleophilic substitution (S_NAr)

Question 11

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Procaine Hydrochloride USP

Answer 11

Esterification (acylation of amino‑alcohol)

Question 12

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Acetaminophen

Answer 12

Acetylation (acylation of p‑aminophenol)

Question 13

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Polystyrene

Answer 13

Free‑radical polymerization

Question 14

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Diazepam

Answer 14

Condensation (benzodiazepine ring closure)

Question 15

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Ether USP

Answer 15

Etherification (acid‑catalyzed dehydration)

Question 16

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Cumene

Answer 16

Friedel–Crafts alkylation

Question 17

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Isoniazid USP

Answer 17

Hydrazide formation (condensation of acid + hydrazine)

Question 18

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Chloroform USP

Answer 18

Haloform reaction (halogenation + hydrolysis)

Question 19

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Nicotinamide USP

Answer 19

Amidation (amide formation from nicotinic acid + NH₃)

Question 20

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Phenol

Answer 20

Oxidation (cumene process followed by acid cleavage)

Question 21

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Unsaturated vinyl Esters

Answer 21

Esterification

Question 22

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Erythromycin

Answer 22

Fermentation

Question 23

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Acetylene

Answer 23

Hydrolysis (CaC₂ + H₂O → C₂H₂)

Question 24

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Streptomycin

Answer 24

Fermentation

Question 25

Give the General Name for the Chemical Reaction to produce the following: Propoxyphene

Answer 25

Nucleophilic alkylation (S_N reaction)

Question 26

What fraction is these products from? : Natural gasoline

Answer 26

Natural gas

Question 27

What fraction is these products from? : Motor gasoline, Solvent napthas, kerosene, light heating oils

Answer 27

Light Distillates

Question 28

What fraction is these products from? : Heavy fuel oils, Diesel oils, Gas oils

Answer 28

Intermediate Distillates

Question 29

What fraction is these products from? : Heavy Mineral oils, Heavy flotation oils, waxes, lubricating oils (larger)

Answer 29

Heavy Distillates

Question 30

What fraction is these products from? : Lubricating oils (smaller), Fuel oils, Petrolatum, Road Oils, Asphalts, Coke

Answer 30

Residues

Question 31

Differentiate Softwood and Hardwood

Answer 31

Softwood: gymnosperms (conifers), needle leaves, simpler structure, lighter, fast-growing, uniform grain. Hardwood: angiosperms, broad leaves, complex structure with vessels, denser, slower growth, varied grain.

Question 32

Production of Vinegar

Answer 32

Two-stage: 1) Alcoholic fermentation by yeast (sugars → ethanol); 2) Acetic fermentation by Acetobacter (ethanol + O₂ → acetic acid). Methods: Orleans, generator, submerged culture.

Question 33

How nuclear power provides electricity

Answer 33

Fission in reactor releases heat → produces high-pressure steam → drives turbine connected to generator → electricity. Steam is condensed and recirculated; control rods and coolant systems ensure safety.

Question 34

Compare and Contrast Soaps and Detergents

Answer 34

Soaps: fatty acid salts, biodegradable, poor in hard water (scum formation). Detergents: synthetic sulfates/sulfonates, effective in hard water, stable across pH/temperature, customizable, some less biodegradable.

Question 35

Paper production through kraft pulping

Answer 35

Wood chips cooked with white liquor (NaOH + Na₂S) at 150–170°C to dissolve lignin and hemicellulose → pulp washed, screened, bleached → papermaking. Spent black liquor is recovered for chemicals and energy.

Question 36

Differentiate Thermoplastic and Thermosetting

Answer 36

Thermoplastics: linear/slightly branched polymers, soften/melt on heating, remoldable, recyclable (e.g., PE, PS). Thermosets: heavily crosslinked, cure irreversibly, rigid, heat-resistant, non-remoldable (e.g., epoxy, bakelite).

Question 37

Classifications of Dyes by Use (12 categories)

Answer 37

1. Acid dyes 2. Basic (cationic) dyes 3. Direct dyes 4. Mordant dyes 5. Reactive dyes 6. Vat dyes 7. Disperse dyes 8. Sulfur dyes 9. Azoic (naphthol) dyes 10. Fluorescent brighteners 11. Pigment dyes 12. Oxidation (developed) dyes.

Question 38

Sugar refinery of sugar cane

Answer 38

1) Extraction: milling or diffusion. 2) Clarification: lime + heat. 3) Evaporation: syrup. 4) Crystallization: vacuum pans. 5) Centrifugation: separate crystals and molasses. 6) Drying/grading.

Question 39

Explain Vulcanization

Answer 39

Rubber mixed with sulfur and accelerators, then heated. Sulfur forms cross-links between polymer chains, producing elastic, tough, heat-resistant material.

Question 40

Importance of N, P, and K in growing plants

Answer 40

N: amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll; promotes foliage. P: ATP, nucleic acids; supports roots, flowering, energy transfer. K: osmotic balance, enzyme activation, drought tolerance, disease resistance.