Previous exam topics Flashcards by Emily Wagner

what is an acid?

proton donator
(its dissociation makes conj base)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is a base?

proton acceptor
(its dissociation makes a conj acid)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

weak acids and bases exist in:

equilibrium with conj species

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an example of a weak acid and base?

acid: carboxylic acid
base: amine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is the most imp physiological buffer

bicarbonate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what bonds are in 2,3,4 protein structure?

hydrogen bonds and non covalent bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

when do buffers work best?

at pKa

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is secondary amino acid structure?

a- helix and b-sheets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what holds primary protein structure together?

covalent bonds

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an oncones?

mutation at one amino acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what happens in M phase

mitosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

amino acids determine?

protein folding

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what occurs during G1

interphase, increases in size, and is active biochemically
(technically G1, S and G2 are interphase)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are key features of 2nd messagner systems?

specificity
amplification
augmentation
rapid signal transduction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the goblins have what structure?

no beta structure, a helix connected by turns

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what occurs with sickle cell disease?

gu becomes val
makes hydrophobic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

most cells are in the ______ stage of cell cycle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what happens during s phase?

cell copies DNA makes sister chromatids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an oncogene

Mutation that takes place at a single amino acid
Example RAS G12V mutation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens at the G1 phase?

Longest, cell grows and makes new proteins and organelles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what happens during G2 phase

cell prepares for mitosis by growing and syn new proteins and lipids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What Happens during the S phase?

Synthesis phase, DNA replicates making Sister cromatids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What occurs at the m phase

Mitosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some things that occur during apoptosis?

•Outer Membrane blebbing
•Shrinking
•Condensation of the nucleus
•Fragmentation of chromosomes
•Formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles
•The cell fragments generated by apoptosis are taken up and
eliminated by neighboring cells and phagocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

give a brief summary of extrinsic apoptotic signaling

mediated by cell death receptors formation of disc recruitment of pro-casp 8 activation of effector caspases 3,6,7 can feed into intrinsic from here

give a brief summary of intrinsic apoptotic signaling

-marked by central event: MOMP -release of cytochrome C -trigger of complex of caspase 9 and APAF1 via CARD and APAF1 -Casp 9 recruits effector caspases 3,6,7

what will happen with loss of function in CASP8 mutations?

suppress apoptotic signaling allowing cell survival

what is rRNA syn by?

syn by RNA polymerase I

what does rRNA do?

rRNA + protein= ribosomes transferred to cytoplasm to become parts of large and small sub units of ribosome

what is tRNA syn by?

RNA poly III

what does tRNA do?

-carry amino acids to ribosomes, -anticodon sequence is complementary to mRNA being read

when is a tRNA said to be charged?

when the correct amino acid is attached to the 3' end

what is mRNA?

made from DNA used as template for protein syn

what is the TCA cycle?

uses acetyl coA to make ATP and water

coenzyme A needs which vitamin?

pantothenic acid

what steps of TCA need coA?

1,4,5

what kind of pathway is TCA?

amphibolic, meaning it does catabolism and anabolism

what are the main points of entrt of electrons from fuel ox to enter ETC?

Compex 1 and 2 (e- collect at coQ)

what ratios change the ETC?

high NADH/NAD slows high ATP/ADP slows

what are some inhibitors of TCA?

barbiturates 1, antimycin A- 3, cyanide 4, oligomycin atp synthase blocker

how is fat mobilization regulated?

adenylate cyclase helps it enter, triacylglycerol lipase hydrolyzes bonds to release FA and glycerol

what tissues do not really use FA and which ones use a lot?

nervous not a lot muscle a lot

what helps transfer FA from adipose to other tissues?

albumin

what is needed to transport FA into mitochondria?

carnitine palmitoyl transferases (CPT1)

what prevents CPT1?

malonyl CoA (makes sense cause if FA syn is happening you dont want them to be broken down right away)

what is the most important type of fatty acid oxidation?

B- ox

what is the important enzyme of b-ox?

acytyl co-a dehydrogenase

what inhibits acyl coA dehydrogenase?

hypogycin (from unripe fruit of ackee tree)

where do you get most ATP?

b ox of palmitate

where does ketone body formation occur?

mitocondria

what is the major site of acetoacetate formation and why?

liver because it is where HMG CoA synthase

during fasting what two things are increased?

fat mobilization and ketogenesis (ketone body formation)

how are dietary lipids digested early?

lingual lipase in mouth gastric lipase in stomach

what are the essential FA?

lineoic l-lineoic archidonic

how are FA digested in small intestine?

*pancreatic lipase co-lipase bicarbonate bile salt

bile sat is most useful in what form?

anionic form

what is the function of co-lipase?

attract and anchor pancreatic lipase to surface of emulsion particle

once in the small intestine what happens to the FA?

carried by bile salt, make mixed micelle, cross epithithealial boarder, and the FA and 2-MG reforms TGs, can make chylomicrons

what can occur if there is a lipid malabsorption?

steatorrhea

ldl has the most:

cholesterol and chol esters

Chylomicrons and vldl has the most:

TGs

what does A-I do

activator of LCAT, choI pick up

what does B-100 do?

LIGANT FOR LDL receptor

what does C-II do?

activates LPL

what does apoprotein E do?

Ligand for LDL and chylomicron remnant

what does LPL do?

processing chymicrons

what is difference between Lcat and Acat?

Lcat in bLood with HDL

what is difference between HSL and LPL?

H is fat mobiLization L is fat storage

what happens to chylomicrons in blood?

HDl comes along, donates E and CII, chylo binds to lpl breaks down to FA and glycerol (Fa to adipose, muscle, gly to liver)

what happens to vldl in blood?

hdl donates E and CII, lpl, Fa gly, HGT makes IDl to ldl

lpl is stimulated by:

CII and insulin

what does statin and cholestyramine do?

more ldl receptors

humans lack the enzyme to digest:

a- 1,3 and b 1,4

the glucose in oral dextran is from:

sucrose

starch is digested by:

a-amylase

on what from of carbs can be transmitted across epitheium?

monosaccharides

what receptors do monosaccharides go through in the lumen?

slgt1: glucose and galactose GUlt5: fructose

what receptor monosaccharides take to blood?

all glut5

sglt receptors couple what?

Na and glu/gal (cl and water follow)

glut5 is directly stim by

insulin

where does folate get carbons?

glycine

what does folate do with the carbon?

carries to syn purines and to B12

what is FH4

active form of folate, it accepts carbons can make purines (A and G), Pyrim (t) and gets trapped as methyl or B12 form

what happens to FH4 once it transfers methyl?

recycled except for in absence of B12 when it cant be recycled (folate trap)

what can folate deficiency cause?

inflammation` of tongue, mouth and ulcers

exampes of BCAA?

lucine isolucine valine

how are BCAA metabolized?

a-ketoacid dehydrogenase

what is maple surup urine?

decrease in a-ketoacid dehydrogenase causing buildup

what's treatment for maple syrup urine?

limit BCAA

what is classical PKU?

phenylalanine cant be transformed to tyrosine, so too much phe

how to treat PKU?

avoid phe and aspartame

what is alkaptonuria?

defect in homogentisate dioxygenase accumuation of homogentisate (back urine, eyes, ears, teeth)

what is homocystinuria?

defect in cystathionine synthase accumulates homosysyine in blood and urine

how to treat homocystinuria?

high dose Vit B6

what is a free radical?

molecule with one or more unpaired electrons

what is a NOXs?

NADPH oxidases, transfer electrons

what are mitochondrial ros?

electrons escape from ETC from complex 2 and 3, forming ROS

what is respiratory burst?

macrophages and neutrophils take in lots of O2 and release ROS to kill microorganisms

superoxide's are converted to H2O2 by:

superoxide dismutases

SOD requires:

zinc and copper

what is the primary thing needed for preventing lipid peroxidases

vit E

go over metabolism difference in diabetes 1 and 2