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Unit 4 ORIGINAL > Primary and Secondary Research > Flashcards

Primary and Secondary Research Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

Define research

A

A planned process for which information is gathered systematically and then analysed and evaluated to form a conclusion

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2
Q

Define primary data

A

Data collected by research for their own purpose

Eg questionnaire and surveys

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3
Q

Advantages of primary data

A

Data is up to date
Researcher has control and therefore the research is specific to need

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4
Q

Disadvantages of primary data

A

It takes time to organise

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5
Q

Define secondary data

A

Research that has already been collected by another researcher

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6
Q

Advantages of secondary data

A

Quick and cheap
Large scale so likely to represent the population

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7
Q

Disadvantages of secondary data

A

It may be outdated and not fit for purpose

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8
Q

Define empirical data

A

Verifiable data obtained by observation, measurement or from experiences

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9
Q

Define quantitative data

A

Information produced in a numerical form that can be analysed specifically this usually generates a hypothesis
Eg histograms and pie charts

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10
Q

Define qualitative data

A

Information which aims to get a feel for what something is like arranged in word form eg unstructured interviews or photographs

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11
Q

Define population

A

A large group of people you are interested in studying

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12
Q

Define target population

A

A specific group of people that research is based on

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13
Q

Define representativeness

A

Sample should represent target populations

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14
Q

Define generalised population

A

Applying the research to the whole population

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15
Q

Explain random sampling

A

A preferred method where people are selected by chance

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16
Q

Advantages of random sampling

A

Avoids bias

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17
Q

Disadvantages of random sampling

A

Time consuming

May not be representative

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18
Q

Define systematic sampling

A

When there is a system in place to help collect data

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19
Q

Advantages of systematic sampling

A

Avoids bias

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20
Q

Disadvantages of systematic sampling

A

Not representative or random

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21
Q

Define opportunity sampling

A

People who are available and ready to take part

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22
Q

Define voluntary sampling

A

People who volunteer to take part

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23
Q

Define stratified sampling

A

Participants are all relevant to the research

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24
Q

Define researcher bias

A

Where scientists performing the research influence the results to portray a certain outcome

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25
Define social desirability
The tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that that will be viewed favourably by others
26
Define checklist
A set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers devised for the purpose of a survey or statistical study
27
Define response bias
Where participants respond inaccurately or falsely to questions
28
Define valid
How well a piece of research does what it is set out to do or how well it reflects reality
29
Define open question
Do not have a fixed range of answers these gather qualitative data and allow people to respond in their own way
30
Strengths of open questions
Less chance of researcher bias Produce qualitative data Allow participants to respond in their own way
31
A limitation of open questions
People might answer in a socially desirable way Questions might be misinterpreted Might not be truthful Might not give a true insight
32
Define closed questions
Based on a fixed set of answers and generates quantitive data
33
Strength of closed questions
Good for quantitative data Good for discovering trends
34
Weakness of closed questions
Limited responses might not give true insights
35
Define interview schedule
List of questions that are structured that have to be prepared and serve as a guide for interviews
36
Define interview schedule
List of questions that are structured that have to be prepared and serve as a guide for interviews
37
Define investigator effects
Where a researcher consciously or unconsciously acts in a way to support their prediction
38
Define demand characteristics
When the participants try to make sense of the research and act according to support the aim of the research
39
Define interview
A meeting of people in person or over the phone Responses are usually recorded with consent from interviewees
40
Define structured interviews
Pre determined questions Questions are asked in same order Ticks boxes on interview schedule
41
Strengths of structured interviews
Quantitative research which is easier to analyse Allows comparisons and trends to be recognised Reliable and easy to replicate
42
Weaknesses of structured interviews
Investigator effects may take place Large number need to be interviewed therefore time consuming
43
Define unstructured interviews
More like a discussion Very little is pre prepared Only recorded by audio or video
44
Strengths of unstructured interviews
Increased validity Generates large amounts of qualitative data
45
Weaknesses of unstructured interviews
Time consuming Difficult to identify patterns and trends
46
Define semi structured interviews
Mostly prepared questions but the interviewer can ask additional questions if they fit
47
Strengths of semi structured interviews
Increased validity Participants can freely explain and explain points and opinions Generates qualitative data
48
Limitations of semi structured interviewer
Interviewer has control so interview bias may occur More time consuming Harder to statistically analyse
49
Define focus groups
Involves interviews a group of individuals similar to a semi structured interview
50
What is the role of the interviewer in a focus group
To pose a question and facilitate a discussion
51
What do participants represent in a focus group
Sample population
52
What type of data is collected in a focus group
Qualitative data collected by recording and also taking notes
53
Strengths of focus groups
Useful to obtain detailed information Cheaper and less time consuming
54
Limitations of focus groups
Bias may occur Some people speak more and are heard more than others Answers are based on personal experience but people may not speak the truth
55
Define case studies
An in depth study of a single person event or community where information is gathered from a variety of sources
56
Strengths of case studies
Provides detailed qualitative data Provides insight into future research
57
Limitations of case studies
Results can’t be generalised Researcher bias may occur Difficult to replicate Is time consuming
58
Define variable
something that can be changed
59
Define independent variable
something that is manipulated by the researcher
60
Define dependent variable
something that is measured by the researcher
61
Describe a laboratory experiment
an experiment that takes place in a controlled environment Researcher manipulated independent variable
62
Describe a field experiment
an experiment that takes place in a natural setting and researcher manipulates it
63
Describe a natural experiment
Changes in independent variable would have happened without researcher influence
64
Strengths of experiments
Easier to replicate More likely to reflect real life so less chance of demand characteristics Should be objective
65
Limitations of experiments
Human beings are complex organisms and their behavioural and physiological are influenced by many variables The artificially of the setting may produce unnatural behaviour
66
Why do we have clinical trials
To ensure that a drug is safe and that it is effective
67
What is a double blind trial
A trial where neither the researcher nor the patients know what treatment they are receiving
68
Define placebo
an inactive drug or treatment in a clinical trial People who receive the placebo are in the control group Placebo controlled trials are used to compare a new treatment with the placebo
69
Define observation
a technique for observing the behaviour of people and individuals
70
Describe Naturalistic observation
Watching and recording behaviour in a structured environment eg strange situation classification
71
Describe controlled observation
where researchers watch participants in a controlled environment eg a laboratory
72
Define participant observation
when an observer will actively in the observation eg play therapy
73
Define non participant observation
an observer is removed from the context of the observation
74
Define overt
The group being studied is aware that they are being studied
75
Define Covert
The group being studied are not aware that they are being studied
76
Define narrative
a verbal description of events in the order that they happen
77
Define time sampling
a series of observations made at a regular predetermined time interval
78
Define event sampling
recording behaviours at a specific moment in time making note of the number of times that a behaviour occurs
79
Define sociogram
recording the interactions one makes with another
80
Define a behavioural observation
involves recording what is happening as it occurs
81
Define routine observation
are an aspect of health and social care practice and could be a trigger a form investigation they are also a part of safeguarding
82
Strengths of observations
Can see what is happening Cheap Using an experienced observer can increase reliability High quality
83
Limitations of observations
Participants may be uncomfortable People may behave differently when watched Time consuming Generates qualitative data

Unit 4 ORIGINAL (6 decks)

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