PRIMARY HEMOSTASIS Flashcards
(269 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 processes of primary hemostasis?
A
- Vasconstriction
- Platelet adhesion
- Platelet aggregation
- Platelet plug formation
- Fibrin stabilization
2
Q
What are the processes in primary hemostasis that are also included in secondary hemostasis?
A
Platelet plug formation and Fibrin Stabilization
3
Q
It refers to the cessation of bleeding
A
Hemostasis
4
Q
This occurs within the intravascular compartment lined with the endothelium
A
Hemostasis
5
Q
Hemostasis occurs within the extravascular compartment lined with endothelium
True or False
A
False
intravascular compartment
6
Q
A tightly regulated balance between formation and dissolution of hemostatic plugs modulated by a series of enzymes and scaffolding proteins.
A
PHYSIOLOGIC HEMOSTATIC SYSTEM
7
Q
The physiologic hemostatic system is a tightly regulated balance between what?
A
between formation
and dissolution of hemostatic plugs
8
Q
The physiologic hemostatic system is a tightly regulated balance between between formation and dissolution of hemostatic plugs modulated
by what?
A
by a series of enzymes and scaffolding
proteins.
9
Q
What are the factors involved in Normal Hemostasis
and Thrombosis?
A
- Plateletes, Granulocytes & Monocytes
- Coagulation Protein Sytem
- Fibrinolysis Protein System
- Anticoagulation Protein System
10
Q
It is another term that refers to the Coagulation Protein Sytem
A
Clot Forming
11
Q
It is another term for clot forming
A
Coagulation Protein Sytem
12
Q
It is another term that refers to the Fibrinolysis Protein System
A
Clot lysing
13
Q
It is another term for clot lysing
A
Fibrinolysis Protein System
14
Q
It is another term that refers to the Anticoagulation Protein System
A
Regulating
15
Q
It is another term for regulating
A
Anticoagulation Protein System
16
Q
What are the Cellular Components?
Factors involved in Normal Hemostasis and Thrombosis
A
Platelets, Granulocytes & Monocytes
17
Q
What are the 3 systems that make up the protein system?
A
- Coagulation system
- Fibrinolytic system
- Anticoagulation system
18
Q
This serves to form thrombin that initiates the proteolysis of fibrinogen, leading to fibrin clot formation
A
Coagulation system (clot forming)
19
Q
This functions to lyse the clot formed by thrombin
A
Fibrinolytic system (Clot lysing)
20
Q
This regulates all enzymes of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, so that no inappropriate excess of clotting or bleeding occurs.
A
Anticoagulation system (Regulating)
21
Q
Give an overview of hemostasis
A
- Arteriolar vasoconstriction; arteriole smooth muscle
- Primary hemostasis; platelet aggregation
- Secondary hemostasis; formation of platelet clot
- Thrombus and antithrombotic events; fibrinolysis
22
Q
This contraction of the
blood vessel wall is called …
A
Vasoconstriction
23
Q
Upon vessel injury (in a large or medium sized artery or veins), what occurs to control bleeding?
A
Contraction occurs
24
Q
It is a short-lived reflex reaction of the smooth
muscle in the vessel wall produced by the sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.
A
Vasoconstriction
25
Vasoconstriction is a short-lived
reflex reaction of the smooth
muscle in the vessel wall produced
by what?
produced
by the sympathetic branches of the
autonomic nervous system.
26
If vascular injury exposes
the endothelial surface
and underlying collagen, what happens?
> platelets adhere to the
subendothelial collagen
fibers > spread pseudopods
along the surface > clump together
27
It is the term for the clumping of platelets
Aggregation
28
What causes the adherence of platelets to the
subendothelial collagen
fibers, spread pseudopods
along the surface, and
clump together?
If vascular injury exposes
the endothelial surface
and underlying collagen
29
Platelet adhesion to
subendothelial connective
tissues, especially
collagen, occurs when?
occurs 1 ...
30
These 2 promote vasoconstriction
| Platelet Adhesion
Epinephrine and Serotonin
31
This increases the adhesiveness of platelets.
ADP
| Adenosine Diphosphate
32
This produces surface membrane reorganization
The transformation of the platelet from a disc to a sphere with pseudopods
33
This results in release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents.
Internal contraction of the platelet
34
Internal contraction of the platelet results in the release of what?
release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents
35
Platelets adhere at sites of what?
at sites of mechanical vascular injury
36
After latelets adhere at sites of mechanical vascular injury, they undergo what and express what glycoproteins?
undergo activation and express functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors
37
also referred to as integrin alpha IIb beta3
GPIIb-IIIa or CD41/CD61
38
These glycoproteins have a role for circulating adhesive ligand proteins (primarily fibrinogen)
integrin alphaIIb beta3
39
These are functional glycoproteins that mediate the recruitment of local platelets
functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors
40
How do these functional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors mediate the recruitment of local platelets?
by forming
fibrinogen bridges between platelets
41
This is a process that forms bridges between platelets
platelet cohesion
42
This glycoprotein is specific for
platelets
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
43
This is the most abundant platelet membrane protein
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
44
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa have approximately 5,000 receptors per platelet)
| True or False
False
| 50,000 receptors/platelet
45
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa have approximately 5,000 receptors per platelet)
| True or False
False
| 50,000 receptors/platelet
46
This is the is the gold standard test to determine platelet function.
Platelet aggregation
47
Platelet aggregation is the gold standard test to determine what?
Platelet function
48
Collagen, Proteolytic enzymes, Biological amines are agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vivo
| True or False
False
| in vitro
48
Collagen, Proteolytic enzymes, Biological amines are agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vivo
| True or False
False
| in vitro
49
Platelet aggregation is an energy independent process
| True or False
independent process
50
Platelet aggregation is an energy independent process
| True or False
independent process
51
What are the agents capable of producing platelet aggregation in vitro?
| PCB
- Proteolytic enzymes
- Collagen
- Biological amines
52
This refers to proteolytic enzymes
thrombin
53
These are biological amines improtant in hemostasis
epinephrine and serotonin
54
This results from bridges formed by fibrinogen in the presence of calcium produce a sticky surface on platelets.
Aggregation
55
Aggregration results from bridges formed by what?
formed by fibrinogen
56
Aggregration results from bridges formed by fibrinogen in the presence of what?
in the presence of calcium
produce a sticky surface on platelets
57
What is an example of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
aspirin
58
Aspirin is an example of what agent?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents
59
If these aggregates are reinforced by fibrin, they are referred to as a what?
a thrombus
60
These aggregates are referred to as a thrombus if reinforced by what?
reinforced by fibrin
61
These aggregates are referred to as a thrombus if reinforced by what?
reinforced by fibrin
62
Aggregation of platelets by at least one pathway can be blocked by substances such as ...
- Prostaglandin E (PGE)
- Adenosine
63
Fibrinogen provides basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization , under the influence of WHAT?
small amounts of thrombin
64
This provides basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization.
Fibrinogen
65
Fibrinogen (under the influence of small amounts of thrombin) - provides basis for what?
basis for platelet consolidation & stabilization
66
This process involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin around each platelet
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION
67
This process involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin around each platelet
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION
68
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin within each platelet
| true or false
False
| around each platelet
69
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION involves the precipitation of polymerized fibrin within each platelet
| true or false
False
| around each platelet
70
PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION is a process that involves the precipitation of what?
the precipitation of polymerized fibrin
71
The result of PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION &
STABILIZATION is a fibrin clot that produces an IRREVERSIBLE PLATELET PLUG.
| True or false
True
72
What doe fibrin clots produce?
IRREVERSIBLE PLATELET PLUG
73
What is the order/process of PLATELET PLUG CONSOLIDATION & STABILIZATION?
| VEPPPCF
1. Vascular injury
2. Exposes subendothelium & Vasoconstriction
3. Platelet adhesion
4. Platelet aggregation
5. Platelet plug formation
6. Consolidation of platelets
7. Fibrin stabilization
74
What are the 6 LABORATORY ASSESMENTS OF/FOR PLATELETS?
| ABCPQQ
1. Antiplatelet Antibody Assays
2. Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin
3. Clot Retraction
4. Platelet Aggregation
5. Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
6. Quantitative Determination of Platelet
74
Electronic Particle Counter and the Examination of stained blood film are under what laboratory assessment of platelets?
Quantitative Determination of Platelet
75
It is a complex process that retains the blood within the vascular system after injury.
Hemostasis
76
This is done if the platelet count is normal
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
77
Electronic Particle Counter
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Quantitative Determination of Platelet
78
Examination of stained blood film
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Quantitative Determination of Platelet
79
PBS
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
80
Platelet Count
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
81
Template Bleeding Time
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
82
Petechiometer
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
83
Platelet Aggregation
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
84
Platelet lumiaggregation
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
85
Platelet Antibodies
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
86
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
87
Platelet factor IV
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
88
Thromboxanes
| what type of LABORATORY ASSESMENT OF PLATELETS?
Qualitative Assesment of Platelet
89
What are the tests for Qualitative Assesment of Platelet?
| BPPTPLT6
1. Beta-thromboglobulin
2. PBS
3. Petechiometer
4. Thromboxanes
5. Platelet factor IV
6. Platelet Aggregation
7. Platelet lumiaggregation
8. Platelet Antibodies
9. Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
10. Platelet count
90
These chemicals are involved in platelet aggregation
| CAARTE
1. Collagen
2. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
3. Arachidonate
4. Ristocetin
5. Thrombin
6. Epinehrine
91
IN Qualitative Assesment of Platelet, this refers to the platelet RELEASE
Platelet lumiaggregation
92
IN Qualitative Assesment of Platelet, these are the platelet antibodies most noted
IgM and IgG
93
In vivo measurement of platelet adhesion and aggregation on locally injured vascular subendothelium.
Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin
94
Provides an estimate of the integrity of the platelet plug and thereby measures the interaction between the capillaries and platelets
Bleeding Time with and without Aspirin
95
Reflects the number and quality of platelets, fibrinogen concentration, fibrinolytic activity, and packed red cell volume.
Clot Retraction
96
The degree of clot retraction is directly proportional to the number of platelets
| True or False
True
97
The degree of clot retraction is inversely proportional to the hematocrit and the level of the blood coagulation factor fibrinogen.
| True or False
True
98
What are the agents that can be used to aggregate platelets?
| CREATS
Agents such as ADP, collagen, epinephrine, snake venom, thrombin, and ristocetin
99
The principle of this test is that plasma-rich platelet is treated with an unknown aggregating agent
| True or False
FALSE
| platelet-rich plasma; known aggregating agent
100
The principle of this test is that plasma-rich platelet is treated with an unknown aggregating agent
| True or False
FALSE
| platelet-rich plasma; known aggregating agent
101
Available techniques can include complement fi xation methods, lysis of chromium 51–labeled platelets, assays of platelet-bound immunoglobulins, and competitive inhibition assays.
Antiplatelet Antibody Assays
102
These are the available Antiplatelet Antibody Assay techniques
| CoCoLA
- complement fixation methods
- competitive inhibition assays.
- lysis of chromium 51–labeled platelets,
- Assays of platelet-bound immunoglobulins
103
What are the 6 vascular disorders?
| direct, inherited, decreased, mechanical, microthrombi, vascular
Purpura associated with ...
1. with direct endothelial cell damage.
2. with an inherited disease of the connective tissue.
3. with decreased mechanical strength of the
microcirculation.
4. with mechanical disruption of small venules.
5. with microthrombi
6. with vascular malignancy.
104
microthrombi refers to what?
small clots
105
Demonstrates the smallest platelets seen
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
106
Characterized by the presence of large platelets
and the presence of Döhle-like bodies in the granulocytic leukocytes
May-Hegglin anomaly
107
Disorder that exhibits giant platelets and thrombocytopenia
Alport syndrome
108
Demonstrates the largest platelets.
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
109
Bernard-Soulier syndrome is also known as
giant platelet syndrome
110
In this disorder, it has been demonstrated that the giant platelets are probably an artifact of the slide
giant platelet syndrome
111
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome demonstrates
the largest platelets
| True or False
False
| smallest platelets seen
112
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome demonstrates
the largest platelets
| True or False
False
| smallest platelets seen
113
May-Hegglin anomaly is characterized by thee presence of what?
large platelets and the presence of Döhle-like bodies
114
the presence of large platelets and the presence of Döhle-like bodies are found in where?
in the granulocytic leukocytes
115
Alport Syndrome exhibits what?
exhibits giant platelets and thrombocytopenia
116
What are the 2 QUANTITATIVE PLATELET DISORDERS?
- THROMBOCYTOPENIA
- THROMBOCYTOSIS
117
Thrombocytopenia has 3 disorders. What are those?
1. Disorders of Production
2. Disorders of Destruction or Utilization
3. Disorders of Platelet Distributions
118
associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders
THROMBOCYTOSIS
119
Thrombocytosis is a hereditary or familial thrombocytosis associated with ger_x0002_mline mutations of what gene? in what receptor? of what gene?
mutations of the thrombopoietin (THPO) gene n the THPO receptor (MPL) gene
120
Thrombocytosis associated with WHAT?
with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or
myelodysplastic disorders
121
Reactive (secondary thrombocytosis)
THROMBOCYTOSIS
122
Thrombocytopenia associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders (clonal thrombocytosis associated with somatic mutations of JAK2[V617F], MPL, and additional currently unknown genes)
| True or False
False
| Thrombocytosis
123
Thrombocytopenia associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms and/or myelodysplastic disorders (clonal thrombocytosis associated with somatic mutations of JAK2[V617F], MPL, and additional currently unknown genes)
| True or False
False
| Thrombocytosis
124
What are the types of platelet dysfunction?
| QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATELETS: THROMBOCYTOPATHY
1. Acquired
2. Drug-Induced
3. Platelet Membrane Receptors
4. Hereditary
125
What a the 3 HEREDITARY types of platelet dysfunctn?
1. Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
2. Glanzmann Thrombasthenia and Essential
Athrombia
3. Hereditary Storage Pool Defect
126
These are the 5 ACQUIRED types of platelet dysfunction?
| CPUMM (sounds like sipon)
1. Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Platelet Function
2. Paraprotein Disorders
3. Uremia
4. Myeloproliferative Syndromes
5. Miscellaneous Disorders Associated with Platelet
Dysfuntion
127
What intimal cell synthesizes and stores von Willebrand factor (VWF)?
Endothelial cell
128
What subendothelial structural protein triggers coagulation
through activation of factor VII?
Thrombin
129
What coagulation plasma protein should be assayed when
platelets fail to aggregate properly?
Fibrinogen
130
What is the primary role of vitamin K for the prothrombin group factors?
Carboxylates the factors to allow calcium binding
131
What is the source of prothrombin fragment F1.2?
Thrombin proteolysis of fibrinogen
132
What serine protease forms a complex with factor VIIIa, and
what is the substrate of this complex?
Factor IXa, factor X
133
hat protein secreted by endothelial cells activates fibrinolysis?
TPA
134
What two regulatory proteins form a complex that digests
activated factors V and VIII?
APC and protein S
134
What two regulatory proteins form a complex that digests
activated factors V and VIII?
APC and protein S
135
What are the primary roles of VWF?
Mediate platelet adhesion and serve as a carrier molecule for factor VIII
136
Most coagulation factors are synthesized in:
The liver
137
The events involved in secondary hemostasis:
Lead to the formation of a stable fibrin clot
138
Which of the following coagulation factors is activated by
thrombin and mediates the stabilization of the fibrin clot?
Factor XIII
139
Which of the following endogenous plasma inhibitors is (are) important for the control of excessive thrombin generation?
AT, TFPI
140
The clinical presentation of platelet-related bleeding may
include all of the following except:
Bruising
Nosebleeds
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Bleeding into the joints (hemarthroses)
Bleeding into the joints (hemarthroses)
141
A defect in GP IIb/IIIa causes:
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
142
Patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome have which of the following laboratory test findings?
Abnormal platelet response to ristocetin
143
Which of the following is the most common of the hereditary
platelet function defects?
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Storage pool defects
Multiple myeloma
Storage pool defects
144
A reduction in thrombin generation in patients with Scott
syndrome results from:
Altered expression of phospholipids on the platelet membrane
145
The impaired platelet function in myeloproliferative neoplasms
results from:
Decreased numbers of a granules and dense granules
146
The platelet defect associated with increased paraproteins is:
Impaired membrane activation, owing to protein coating
147
In uremia, platelet function is impaired by higher than normal levels of:
NO
148
Thrombocytopenia associated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is not caused by:
Anti-GP IIb/IIIa antibodies
149
Thrombocytopenia associated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is not caused by:
Anti-GP IIb/IIIa antibodies
150
Aspirin ingestion blocks the synthesis of:
Thromboxane A2
151
A mechanism of antiplatelet drugs targeting GP IIb/IIIa function is:
Direct binding to GP IIb/IIIa
152
Which is a congenital qualitative platelet disorder?
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
153
The autosomal dominant disorder associated with decreased
platelet production is:
May-Hegglin anomaly
154
Which of the following is not a hallmark of ITP?
Large overactive platelets
155
The specific antigen most commonly responsible for the development of NAIT is
HPA-1a (Human platelet antigens)
156
A 2-year-old child with an unexpected platelet count of
15,000/mL and a recent history of a viral infection most
likely has
Acute ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura)
157
Which drug causes a reduction in platelet count by inhibiting megakaryocyte maturation?
Anagrelide
158
A defect in primary hemostasis (platelet response to an injury) often results in:
Mucosal bleeding
159
When a drug acts as a hapten to induce thrombocytopenia, an antibody forms against which of the following?
The combination of the drug and the platelet membrane protein to which it is bound
160
Thrombocytopenia-absent radius (TAR) refers to:
Abnormal bone formation, including hypoplasia of the forearms
161
Neonatal autoimmune thrombocytopenia occurs when
The mother has an autoimmune antibody to her own
platelets, which crosses the placenta and reacts with the
infant’s platelets
162
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in children is associated with:
Diarrhea caused by Shigella species
163
Treatment with an anticomplement agent such as eculi-zumab is first-line therapy for:
Atypical HUS
164
Which of the following statements regarding thrombocytosis is not true?
a. Thrombocytosis can be associated with hemorrhage
and thrombosis
b. Affected patients have platelet counts in excess of
450,000/mL
c. Thrombocytosis is self-correcting
d. Thrombocytosis can be congenital or acquired
c. Thrombocytosis is self-correcting
165
The endpoint of primary hemostasis
Platelet plug
166
Upon exposure to the collagen ECM (???) or the subendothelium after vessel injury automatic platelets will now do....
Platelet adhesion
167
The adhesion does not happen directly but there is a bridge and this is your Von Willebrand factor.
| True or False
True
168
This is the largest molecule of all coagulation factors
vWF
169
What is the molecular weight of vWF?
molecular weight is 50-200 million
170
vWF is produced in two cells ...
Megakaryocytes and Endothelial cells.
171
The Endothelium has granules called ...
Weibel Palade Bodies
172
The excess from the produced vWF will be stored where?
in the ɑ granules of the platelets
173
It is the most abundant of all platelets
ɑ granules
174
These granules have plenty of secretory products
ɑ granules
175
Von Willebrand factor can be found freely in our plasma not alone but as a carrier molecule for factor VIII
| True or False
True
176
Von Willebrand factor can be found freely in our plasma not alone but as a carrier molecule for what factor?
Factor VIII
177
It can be the bridge because it is received by glycoprotein Ib/V/IX
vWF
178
Von Willebrand can be the bridge because it is received by what glycoprotein?
glycoprotein Ib/V/IX
179
This is the receptor, andwhere Von Willebrand factor is attached
glycoprotein Ib/V/IX
180
Von Willebrand factor can also attach to subendothelium, and it is the mechanism by which adhesion can happen.
| True or False
True
181
The second step, which is the shape change, happens when?
during platelet activation or platelet secretion or platelet release mechanism.
182
During platelet activation/platelet secretion/platelet release, the shape of the platelet changes from the disk to what?
spherical.
183
This is the phenomenon where they will be spherical and possess pseudopods/tentacles
viscous metamorphosis
184
Platelet cohesion or platelet aggregation are different
| True or False
False
| the same
185
It is a very potent platelet aggregator
ADP
186
It is a very potent activator and aggregator.
Thromboxane A2
187
This is the primary product of eicosanoid pathway, thromboxane pathway, prostaglandin pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway.
Thromboxane A2
188
This is the primary product of eicosanoid pathway, thromboxane pathway, prostaglandin pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway.
Thromboxane A2
189
serotonin is released by the dense bodies.
| True or False
True
190
Aggregation is not hemostatic plug, we call it ...
PLATELET PLUG
191
This aggregates our platelet with fibrin
platelet plug
192
aggregation will happen by virtue of glycoprotein WHAT complex on the surface of platelets.
glycoprotein IIb/IIIA
193
This is also where fibrin attaches
glycoprotein IIb/IIIA
194
What is the disorder wherein glycoproteins Ib/V/IX is dysfunctional or lacking?
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
195
When a patient has Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, this means that the patient is a what?
The patient is a bleeder.
196
Why is the Bernard-Soulier syndrome or much bleeding?
Because there is poor adhesion. There is no bridging because the platelets, without glycoproteins Ib/V/IX, cannot connect with the vWF.
197
The vWF is found in our plasma.
| True or False
True
198
platelet plug results from what hemostasis?
primary
199
It is a platelet factor that is included also in the secondary hemostasis.
platelet factor 3, also called phospholipid.
200
It will serve as the surface for the coagulation factors activity in the secondary hemostasis or coagulation.
phospholipid
201
The phospholipid is outside the platelet plug.
| True or False
False
| inside
202
The phospholipid is outside the platelet plug.
| True or False
False
| inside
203
PPL (platelet factor 3), when in combination with tissue factor, we call the complex as ...
thromboplastin
204
prothrombin comes from the
liver
205
Promthrombin will be acted upon by the what complex to become thrombin?
prothrombinase
206
stable fibrin clot will result after factor WHAT activity.
Factor 13
207
When factor 13 acts on the polymer, it will now become a ..
stable fibrin clot.
208
This is the end product or end point of secondary hemostasis/coagulation mechanism in vivo.
stable fibrin clot
209
what is the endpoint in vitro of coagulation mechanisms?
fibrin polymer
210
The only enzyme which is the active enzyme form of plasminogen.
plasmin
211
These will activate the plasminogen in order for it to become plasmin
t-PA
| tissue-plasminogen activators
212
These will activate the plasminogen in order for it to become plasmin
t-PA
| tissue-plasminogen activators
213
This will destroy the stable fibrin clot.
Plasmin
214
When fibrin clot has been destroyed by the plasmin, there will be what we call ...
fibrin-fibrinogen degradation product (FDP)/fibrin-fibrinogen split product (FSP)
215
These are the end products of fibrinolysis
FSP and FDP
216
These will be engulfed by the mononuclear phagocyte system to be part of the amino acid pool of the body for recycling
FSP and FDP
217
Why must FSP and FDP be eliminated from the body?
because they are antithrombins
218
You will eventually become a bleeder if you have many WHAT?
antithrombins.
219
These contradict thrombins, thus, there will be no clotting.
antithrombins
220
Final phase of hemostasis:
fibrinolysis
221
This increases the adhesiveness of platelets.
ADP
222
The transformation of the platelets from a disc to a sphere with pseudopods produces what?
surface membrane reorganization.
223
This results in release of granular contents of the alpha and dense granules and the lysosomal contents.
Internal contraction of the platelet
224
Aggregation can happen because of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa that receives the fibrin threads.
| True or False
True
225
This machine is older between the two machine. Has electrical impedance.
Coulter machine
226
How many minutees is the standing time for platelet count?
30 mins
227
Under platelet count, we have AUTOMATIC and MICROSCOPIC/MANUAL
| treu or false
true
228
The best microscopic direct method
brecher-cronkite
229
You will not report your estimate platelet, what you will report is the platelet count
| True or false
True
230
It is the reference method to assess the platelet function, but not anymore
Template Bleeding Time
231
What test to to determine the platelet function?
platelet aggregometry, platelet aggregation test using platelet aggregometer
232
it means the adhesion, secretion, and aggregation
platelet function
233
Capillary Fragility Test or Rumpel-Leede phenomenon, wherein you will count petechiae
| True or false
true
234
Also called arachidonic acid
Arachidonate
235
To determine the release mechanism of platelet
Platelet lumi aggregation
236
This was based on the old technology Platelet Factor III Availability
Platelet lumi aggregation
237
If there is ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY connection, it is called
IMMUNE COMPLEX
238
End point of complement activity is ALWAYS what?
LYSIS
239
This is the INACTIVE thromboxane
thromboxane B2
240
What system are monocytes and macrophages are often referred to as?
mononuclear phagocyte system
241
this is the old name of mononuclear phagocyte system
Reticuloendothelial system
242
This came from a proenzyme–prothrombin
thrombin
243
They induce coagulation
procoagulants
244
Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) is also called
Thrombocythemia
245
essential due to bone marrow disorde
Primary Thrombocythemia/Thrombocytosis
246
When we say, “qualitative characteristics”, this is ...
Thrombocytopathy
247
When cells in common myeloid have cancer/leukemia, this is
myeloproliferative syndrome.
248
3 types of lymphocytes:
B cell, T cell, and null cell
249
this is non-T/non-B; sometimes called a natural killer cell or large granular lymphocyte.
Null cell
250
In uremia, what is elevated?
BUN
251
With this disorder, abnormal gamma globulins are produced.
Paraprotein Disorders
252
madaling magbreak ang mga blood vessels if deficient in what vitamiin?
vit C
253
The lifespan of platelets is ...
9 to 10 days.
254
Duke’s Method is not accurate
| True or false
true
255
NO THROMBOXANE input = NO PLATELET ACTIVATOR = shorter bleeding time
| True or false
false
| l0nger
256
BLOOD THINNER
aspirin
257
Reference method of hematocrit is microhematocrit not the wintrobe method
| true or false
true
258
Reference method of platelet count is reese-ecker
| True or false
true
259
Hemostasis is a complex physiologic process that keeps circulating blood in what state?
in a fluid state
260
This refers to pathologic clotting
thrombosis
261
These carry blood throughout the body
Blood vessels
262
The plug must be reinforced by what?
fibrin
263
Endothelial cells are heterogenous
| True or false
true
264
This induces smooth muscle relaxation and subsequent vasodilation
NO
265
This inhibits platelet activation and promotes angiogenesis and healthy arterioles
NO
266
What are the 6 Disorders of Destruction or Utilization?
| D'HIITT
1. Destruction caused by Immune Mechanisms, Antigens, Antibodies or Complement
2. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
3. Increased Utilization of Platelets
4. Immune Thrombocytopenia
5. Thrombocytopenia
6. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
