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MD2001 Week 2 > Primary Tissues > Flashcards

Primary Tissues Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

What regulates gene expression?

A

transcription factors

- these act in different combinations to determine the path of differentiation

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  • epithelia - coating
  • connective tissues - connecting
  • muscle - moving
  • neural - sensing, interpreting, acting on environment
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3
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue?

A

covers surfaces

  • secretion
  • absorption
  • transport
  • barrier/protecion
  • barrier/selective
  • strength/support
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4
Q

What surface modifications can epithelial tissues show?

A
  • microvilli

- cilia

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5
Q

Function of microvilli?

A

absorption, sensing

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6
Q

Function of cilia?

A

movement, lateral transport

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7
Q

What junctions may epithelial cells have between them?

A
  • tight - sealing
  • desmosomses
  • gap
  • adherens
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8
Q

Tight junctions?

A

sealing

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9
Q

Desmosomes?

A

strengthens cell links - joining glue between cells

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10
Q

Gap junctions?

A

connect cytesols of adjacent cells for very small molecules

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11
Q

Adherens junctions?

A

spots of connection linking movement proteins (arctic) - similar to desmosome but actin instead of intermediate filaments

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12
Q

What is the basement membrane made of?

A

extracellular matrix molecules

  • contains proteins that link to the surface of epithelial cells
  • filamentous proteins for strength
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13
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

Nerve cells?

A

neurons

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15
Q

Key characteristics of neurons?

A
  • separate cells that communicate by releasing chemicals by secretion at ends of cell processes
    “elongated secretory cell”
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16
Q

Apex and base of neurons?

A

apex - axon

base - dendrite

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17
Q

Where are electrical impulses received on nerve cells?

A

dendrite

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18
Q

Where are electrical impulses transmitted from on nerve cells?

A

axon

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19
Q

What happens at the axon?

A

secretion of neurotransmitters occurs into the intracellular gaps known as synapses
- neuromuscular junctions and neuron to neuron

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20
Q

Where does the synaptic cleft lie?

A

between the presynaptic membrane and post synaptic membrane

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21
Q

What are synaptic vesicles?

A

store transmitter to be released at the synapse

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22
Q

What is myelination?

A 
fatty sheath (lipids and proteins) covers nerve cells 
- discontinuous with periodic gaps
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23
Q

Function of myelination?

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A

increase speed of electrical impulses

24
Q

What are schwann cells?

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A

cells of the peripheral nervous system that produce myelin sheath around neuronal axons

  • one schwann cell builds one internode
  • their cell body wrap around the axon
25
What are oligodendrocytes?
cells that militate axons in the central nervous system - one oligodendrocyte builds a number of internodes - secrete myelin sheaths around axon
26
What are glial cells?
non neural cells of the CNS and PNS that surround neurons and provide support and insulation between them - most abundant cell type in CNS - maintain homeostasis, form myelin, provide support and protection for neurons - includes - oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal, schwann, microglia, satellite cells
27
Glial cells of CNS include?
- oligodendrocytes (mylenation) - astrocytes - star shaped glial cell of CNS - microglia - resistant macrophages of CNS - ependyma (lines CNS cavities)
28
Glial cells of PNS include?
- schwann cells (myelination | - satellite cells (support cells in ganglia
29
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- skeletal muscle - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle
30
What do all muscle types contain?
contractile filaments composed of actin and myosin | - produces a striated appearance (skeletal and cardiac)
31
What are muscles?
contractile tissues under voluntary or involuntary control
32
Skeletal muscle features?
- striated - coordinated contraction - direct voluntary control (or involuntary - reflexes)
33
Cardiac muscle features?
- striated - coordinated contraction - involuntary control of the blood pump - ionic/structural linkages via specialised junction regions - heart
34
Smooth muscle features?
- non-striated (non ordered arrays of myosin and actin) - coordinated contraction - involuntary - cells spindle shaped - cell borders are rarely seen - responsible for peristalsis of the gut, urinary system, respiratory, blood vessels
35
Types of connective tissue?
- fibrocollagenous tissue - cartilage, bone, teeth - adipose tissue (white fat) - blood
36
What does connective tissue contain?
- fibres (elastic and collagenous) - cells - extracellular matrix
37
What does the extracellular matrix contain?
- fibrous proteins - structural carbohydrates and proteins - mineral deposits
38
Types of fibrocollagenous tissue and where found?
> loose - around epithelia, organs > dense - tendon, ligaments > reticular - liver, lymph nosed
39
Cells of fibrocollagenous tissues?
> fibroblasts - synthesis fibrous proteins (collagens, elastic etc.) > macrophages - phagocytose foreign bodies > mast cells - synthesis histamine and other inflammation mediators > plasma cells - synthesis antibodies > stem cells > blood cells and adipocytes
40
Feature of fibrocollagenous tissue?
flexible and strong
41
Function of cartilage?
flexibility smooth joint movement strength
42
Types of cartilage?
> elastic - flexible, elastin, (external ear) > hyaline - impact resistant, durable, low friction, (articular cartilage of joints, growth plates) > fibrocartilage - strong, collagen I, (meniscus in knee, pubic, intervertebral disk, pubic symphysis, temporalmandibular joint)
43
Cartilage cell type?
chondrocytes
44
Function of bone?
- skeletal support - mineral - calcium store - blood formation
45
Types of bone?
- trabecular | - compact
46
Cells involved in maintaining bone?
osteocytes
47
What does the ECM of bone consist of?
framework of collagen fibres mineralised with calcium salts proteoglycans blood vessels - vascular tissue
48
Osteoblast function?
bone formation - lay down framework | - become trapped as osteocytes
49
Osteoclasts?
large macrophage-like cells that digest bone
50
What does the ECM of cartilage consist of?
proteoglycans collagen (type 2 mainly) high water content no blood vessels - avascular tissue
51
Function of white fat?
- energy storage - insulation - protection extremly dynamic
52
Function of brown fat?
- heat production
53
What are white fat cells called?
adipocytes
54
How do adipocytes form?
from fibroblast-like precursors fat occupies most of fibroblast-like precursor - nucleus and cytoplasm is squeezed into the periphery of the cell
55
What are fat hormones?
adipokines | - fatty acids, peptide hormones, cytokines
56
Function of leptin?
signals brain the body has had enough to eat
57
How does brown fat make heat?
uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria | - lots of mitochondria

MD2001 Week 2 (8 decks)

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