primate behavour and ecology test Flashcards
(304 cards)
1
Q
-key themes definition animal behaviour
A
-animals
-movement activity
-observable from outside
-reaction to stimuli
-individual
2
Q
Is there a clear definition of behavior
A
-no mixed views what should be include
-needs an increase in discussion, what actually is behavour
3
Q
what two types behavour
A
-innate
-learn
4
Q
What is operant conditioning
A
-trial and error learning
-reinforcment
eg food appears contue to act that way
5
Q
classical conditioning
A
associate neutral responce with stimulus leaned behavour
learn association
involuntary behaviour e.g producing saliva when bell for food in dog
6
Q
fixed action pattern
A
innate
triggered stimulus
universal specie
eg goose save egg role nest
7
Q
is imprinting innate?
A
yes will imprint but also envi what sees first will effect what imprints onto
8
Q
define habituation
A
decrease intensity, respond to the stimulus with repeated behaviour
9
Q
what are 4 levels to understand behavour
A
-function
-cause
-development
-history
10
Q
what are mechanistic causes behavour
A
-stimulus response
-neurobiology
-hormone response
11
Q
what phylogentic constraints on behaviur
A
- influence ancestors on descendents
-limit ability certian traits to evolve
12
Q
ultimate explanation
A
why behavour exists
13
Q
proximate explanation
A
how it works
14
Q
whats optimality model
A
envi fixed animal respond
animal find best way respond envi
behave maximise fitnes
15
Q
game theory model
A
behavour depend on stratagies others
density dependent outcomes
16
Q
what does moose prioritize when choosing where to feed forest and lake
A
where gain most energy possible while considering other factors
17
Q
whats marginal value theorom for patch distribution foraging
A
-forage in patch until rate return falls to average level= stay until no extra value of patch
18
Q
nash equilibrum
A
is a non-cooperative game in which two or more players will achieve an optimal solution only if they do not change their initial strategy and the other players also do the same.
-most optimum stratagy not always chosen
19
Q
evolutionary stable strategy
A
adopted all members of group cannot be invaded other stratagy
20
Q
agnosistic conflict
A
physical conflict
(oddensive, defensive, submissive)
21
Q
aggressive conflict
A
behavour threaten deliver physical injury
22
Q
3 levels red deer conflict
A
1)roaring
2)parralel walking
3) fighting
23
Q
how many red deer interactions not end in fight
A
70%
24
Q
Why do deer stretch their neck when they roar
A
make them seem bigger than they are
25
hawk
fight until injured
26
dove
display until attacked
27
when will species fight
if value overweigh costs
28
when do indivual choose hawk or dove
depend context / individual conditon
29
how many hawks and doves
vary in the population until they meet the optimal, low chance of meeting another hawk that's bigger than you
30
competitor assymetries: uncorrlelated
- unequil arbatory criteria
eg 'owner' vs 'terrirtory holder'c
31
correlated symmetries
unequil on a property related to winning a contest
32
what burgeosis stratagyy
owner territory hawk, intruder dove. alsways respect ownership ess stratagy to high cost if fight
33
when does chance fihting invrease
when hungry
little to loose
high value recourse
34
how long should dung fly wait for a mate
evolved wiat amount time all get mate sucess
35
why do animals display
give time to weigh up likly hood win, give chance nack out if think be to costantly
= fight only occur animals closely matched
36
how sleder loris show agression
voice vocalisations
37
what is win and loser effect
if win one fight more likly to go on and win again
38
what happens animal loose fight
change strategy from hawk to dove, and run away first
39
what hormone effect winner and looser
winner= teresterone go up
loser- cortisol go up
40
why do chimps act lethally
try protect and grow territory
41
what benefits lethal violence
elimnation rivals
reduce coalition power
increase future chance winning
42
dyadic
relationship between two individuals
43
why have dominant indivdual
easy way to resolve conflict without having to fight
help reduce chances of serious injury
44
what different structure if hirarchy
-linear
-triangular
-complex
45
how can number males effect despotism
lots males less despotic to many equally matched compertitors
46
what are the benefits of high social rank
-preferential access to food
-best position when moving in environment
-increased grooming
-rrproductivly active younger (female babies)
-high rank offspring more likly to live
-more children
-low stress
47
how is stress related to dominance
higher dominance, lower stress, all about the very top ranking individual
48
how mother daughters and rank related
mothers support daughters = inherent her rank
49
when do females become dominant
-restricted mating
-unstable and eratic cliamtes
50
what patches fruit like
small patches, scattered
51
What are the patches' leaves like
close together
52
how do patches vary
-nutrient
-variability (constant or seasonal)
-distribution
53
whats scramble competion
1 animal tries to exploit before others come
54
whats contest competion
interefence stop others acessing recourse
55
When do foragers move on from a large patch
stay at larger patch until do just aswell feeding smaller patch on their own
56
how do sticklebacks feed uneven food
distrubute themselves until get max rate of gain
57
how doese food availibity and territory link
if territry poor food need to keep larger area to maintain same food benefits
58
How territorial sunbird
territorial to point gaining net benefits from defending territory
59
when not beneficial to defend territory
-recources scarce= long travel time
-high pressure from intruders
60
how good being scrounger if you are ruddy turnstone
best of bad job
61
frequency dependent selcetion scroungers
populations should equalise optimum amount scroungers and producers in a population
62
what type stratagy scroungers
not fixed stratagy indivuals can switch depending on what is optimum for them in their specific environment
63
day range
distance traveled per m/km day
64
whats home range
the area encompassed all day ranges
65
whats advantagees having home ranges
-build up k
site fidelity
local k, food resources, escape routes, potential mates
66
is time spent in area and importanc elinked
no
eg mosse must gain sodium from lake plants, but doesn't spend that much time there
67
what effects size home range
-type of diet
-habitat quality
-food distribution
-group size
-body weight
68
how group size effect home range?
larger group = larger home range
69
What are different dietary strategies for NHP
-insectivores
-frugivores
-folivores
-gumnivores
-gramnivores
70
why nhp eat fruit
-energy
carbs
lipids
vitimans
minerals
water
71
where do NHP get protien from
-leaves
-insects
-meat
72
feature young leaves food
-more toxins
-more protien to fbre ratio
73
features old leaves food
more fibre
74
what type food bigger bodied NHP eat
per kg bodey weight need les energy = survive low quality food
75
what different food stratagies NHP
-max energy
-max protein
-avoid metabolites
-limit fibre intake
-nutrient balancing
76
how seasonality effect food?
affects availability:
-abundance
-distribution
-relative mix food items
77
how do primates change their food due to seasonality
-change amount high quality low quality food
ranging
grouping
78
how long should a study be looking at diet
-at least a whole year
79
define fall back food
foods that primates utilise during periods low food availiability
80
what type range do frugivores need
large range = fruit is widely distributed
81
whats socioecology
behavior live group depend food and predation
82
how can grade animals sociaecology
grade animals based on food types
83
what ecological forces primate socioecology
-food
-predator
-parasites
84
why live in groups (socioecology)
-provide protection from predators
-help groups defend food resources
-protection infantacide
85
relationships big groups and access to food
more compition for food
more tume feeding
86
groups increase fitness if
benefit between group contest outweigh costs within group contest
87
what will group size depend on
-the costs:
balance of predatation risk and feeding compition
88
why do individuals stay in groups
along as more benefits being in group compared to being on own
89
what is folivon paradox
folivores tend to live smaller groups than frugivores similar body size
90
possilble reason folivon paradox
no one knows why live small groups but lot resources but:
-ecological constraints leaves not that abundant
-social constraints- infanticide in large groups.
91
what different forms female sociality
-kinbond
-non kin bond
-solitary
92
why live in kin bonded group
help relatives still get to pass on some genetics
93
what does intergroup and between group competition cause
the type of social hierarchy a group has
94
what phylogeny constrain view if species live in groups
current species influnced by ancestors and decedents
-limit evolutionary traits
-species not independent data points
95
define predatation
any consumption of a organism
96
what are different stratagies for hunting
-pursue
-chase
-ambush
97
what are the stages of hunting
1) search
2)detect
3) attack
4)capture
5)consume
98
whats predator prey arm race
adaptions trying to keep one up predator/prey
99
red queen hypothesis
prey adapts then predator adapts to keep up = overal match each other no one at advantage
100
when red queen hypothesis end
extinction
diminish prey level= switch to something else
101
why prey ahead red queen hypothesis?
-more costly to be wrong
-faster reproduction time- adaption acumalate quicker
-prey switching- predators adapt to lots of differnt prey
102
whats the economics of prey choice
choosing prey thats easy to get vs what get most energy from = balance
103
when would animal go for smaller prey
if larger prey is more costly to search for
104
whats 'search image'
have imaje what prey looks like = no what to look for= zone out noise
105
When are species more likely to take risks?
when they are close to starvation
106
why are species more likly take risk starving
if go consistant food patch no for certain not enough food = die
107
What risks do the prey weigh up when getting food
-risk of starvation
-risk of predatation
108
what are different trade ofs animals weigh up when foraging?
- food patches
-own internal state
-risk of being eaten
109
What is the dilution effect
liklyhood one individual being eaten by chosen predator decreases with group size
110
what risk of too large groups and predators
easier to spot= more attacks
111
whats 'selfish herd'
put other individuals between you and the predator
112
how do animals distrubute themselves ni group
close together- more space between indivual = more space predator attacked
113
what different wild meat compared to domestic
larger protein to fat ratio
114
what behavoural stratagies avoid being eaten
flee
hide
fight
habotat choive
115
what landscapes of fear
predators choose their home ranges to avoid being near predators
116
How to the Vermont Monkeys warn predators
different alarm calls for different species
and other species recognise these calls
117
what problem to large groups
too much competition for resources
118
why have males in group
more predators= more males = help with defense
119
why live in social groups to avoid predators
-dilution
-selfish herd
-cooperative defence
-confusion
120
what problem with knowledge on hunting and chimpanzees
all knowledge comes from 4 sites in Africa
121
how large to chimpanzee hunt
up to 20kg
122
what is chimpanzees prefered prey
red colombus monkeys
123
what gender main hunters in chimpanzees
males
124
what pressure chimps put on food
unsustainable- hunt till extinction
125
do chimpazees hunt energy
they seem to hunt more when in an energy surplus
126
what are theories why hunt
-nutrition
-trade goods
-acesss reliablity other males
127
what is the meat scrap hypothesis
eat meat gain nutrients help gain extra fitness advantages
128
what are key questions you can ask when studying animal behavour
-how does it work
-how does it develop
how did it evolve
129
what are the steps of research
-research
-hypothesis
-predictions
130
what are research steps
1) behavoural research
2)have a problem worth adressing
3) decide what data you need to collect
131
why do prelimanry research
-get ideas seeing animal in person
-watch and think
-see anything happen not described
132
whats a ethogram
inventorry of behavours clearly defined and codes
133
what key features of ethnogram catogries
-suffecient to answer question
-precisely defined
-independent and homegnous
-specific q and species
-coded
-mutually exlusive
-exhastive
134
what normal issues with ethnograms
-things not expect
-to broad
-lump things together
135
what must ethogram allow you to do when collecting data
-quick, efficient, accurate
136
key points must think about when desighning research
-make sure answer interesting
-find way to test research
-record what you have found
137
what are the key measures of behavour
-latency
-frequency
-duration
-intensity
138
define latency
time from event to behavour
139
define frequency
#occurences per unit time
140
define duration
length of occurrence (total/mean)
141
how to measure intensty
qualitative orby frequency duration
142
what are key types of data for measuring primate behavour
-ratio data
-interval data
-ordinal data
-nominal data
143
whats ratio data
-meaningful difference time to zero
eg use, bought, duration
144
whats interval data
meaningful differences but no zero
e.g temp
145
what ordinal data
ordinal catogires (rank/scale)
eg dominance rank
146
what nominal data
catogies (no ordering)
e.g sex , age
147
what issue collecting really detailed data
-harder to collect
0pay less attention to surrounding context
148
what focal animal sample
-sequence
-duration
write down continous stream behavour against time codes
149
what focal behavour sample
-duration
-sequece
rare behaviour
150
whats occurance sample
-frequency
-scan
151
what ab litbitum sampling
-descriptive
-unconstrained
152
negative video sampling
-take time analyse and trascribe
very flat cant see what happening around corner
153
What's the analytical strategy for primate behaviour
-clean and organise
- summarise
-explore
-test hypothesis
154
role of cleaning and organising data
-sheets to spread sheets
-don't need to be all in one place
-organise east to look
- check for errors in data
155
How can I summarise data
-averages
-proportions
-composite variables
156
what are examples of composite variables
- re catogring
0indeces
157
what are negaitve rank horachy indeces
-summarises interactions over time so
-assumes stability dominance
-assumes stability in rank
-doesn't distinguish intensity
158
whats davids score rank and hirarchy
- organise matrix winners and losers
-create ordinal rank
159
whats Elo ranking
-model how dominace individual site consequence of each interaction
160
benefits of elo rank
-dynamic- continual ranking
-dyadic- winners and losers
-cardinal
-scale intensities
161
define cardinal number
how many of a thing
162
what ate negative elo ranking
-takes a long time to sort out the rank individuals
163
use diversity index behavour
use index other studies e.g shannon weaver look how divers grooming index is
164
how to test hypothesis
-use correct stats/models
-check assumptions
-graph results
165
whats a model
statistical repreesntation of an analysis
166
what's a test
how well a model tests data
167
what issue stat test and behavour
often sample size very small
168
whats issue with altruism
why would suffer cost to give another benefit
169
kin slelction theory for alturism
if individuals help sister mother offspring also benefit as genes will be passed on
170
what is hamiltons rule
altruistic behaviours will be favoured by selection if costs less than benefits discounted by coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
171
what is inclusive fitness
direct fitness (own offspring) + indirect fitness (fitness get from helping another)
172
when do females engage in costly behaviour of alarm calling?
more when close relatives are near
173
when do females engage in costly behavour of cooperative defence
when helping kin
174
is alturism just mutulism
-alturism only occur if both benefit
175
how most food sharing occur chimpanxee
-harras indivdal 4-5% give up food
176
reason no such thing alturism
-just mutulism
-only give up something if coheresed
-recipicocity
177
what recipicoty
only give up what individual will get in return
178
example recipicosity in vampire bats
- regurgitate blood, help others
179
Who do vampire bats have the most blood with?
-those with high associetations (roost together)
-kin
180
tit-for-tat stratagy
respond way the last individaul has responded
181
stag hunt and altursim
individuals will work together if they gain more out of it than if they act alone
182
what are the main models for cooperation
-kin selection
-recipirocal alturism
-stag hunt
-parcelling
-raise the stakes
-biological market theory
183
what is parcelling
give behavour in fixed amounts not everyting they need to see if it is retunred
184
why do impalas parcel grooming?
can't groom at the same time
185
What can influence parcelling
presence of bystanders
186
why bystanders influece parcelling
see if someone else more likly to cooperate
187
if bystanders who most liklely to stop grooming interactions in primates
the groomer
188
wahts raise the stakes
start test waters slowly increase time of grooming
189
what happened grooming interactions after conflict primates
-interactions decreased
-start raising the stakes
190
whats biological market theory
-supply and demand partner choice
-keep track interaction history
-value on different services
191
what trader in BMT
classes of animals
192
wat goods and services BMT
interactions
193
what currency BMT
value of interactions
194
what are the indirect costs group living
-coordination
-travel time
195
what are the direct costs group living
-conspisnous
-disease risk
-comp for recources
-harrasment
196
do primates have optimum group sizes in nature
no often larger than optimum
197
why live in groups
benefits help pass on genes
198
define relationships
quality content and pattening of interactions between individuals over time
199
what characteristics of relationships animals
-investements
-value
-security
-compatibility
200
deine compatibility relationship
general tenor, social interactions, temperament, partners and shared history, social exchange
201
what are different types of relationships
-frequency
-diversity
-symmetry
-tenor
-tensionsss
-predictability
-stability
202
how are dyadic relationships structured
-kinship
-experience
-reciprocity
-availiability
203
what are benefits grooming
-parasite removal
-stress reduction
-social bonds
204
waht function grooming social bonds
-build cooperative relationships trust and commitment
-high commitment = reduce freeloaders
205
what is social bond theory
affilatative, trust based relationships (built on recoprical exchamges) platform for coalitions nad to build trust , = buffer the cost of group living
206
when do prmates help each other fight
not social bonds only help if think can win
207
how do relationships benefit primates
-increase reproduction sucess
-increase fitness
-high infant survival
-live longer = mroe babies
208
what social index
way to look at social interactions in numerical way - use measuring grooming interactions
209
relationships in baboons
many week interactions with a few strong interactions
210
do daughters interact aunt
only if the mother is present
211
What female relationships, like the chacma baboons
most relationships mothers and daughters
212
what reconciliation
allows peaceful interactions
relationship repair
group cohesion
213
was social bonds importnat relationships barbra maquaques
- Some evidence suggests social bonds repaired relationships quicker after a relationship, other factors also at play, like kin
214
BMT relationships
supply and demand impact traders behavour and shape relationships
215
what are interaction BMT
-trades services
-tolerance
-acess to food
-food
-acess to infant
-mates
216
do primates groom up the hirarchy?
groom with adjacent ranks
up but not the very top
217
what is tit for tat aproach
uses cognition rather than rule idividual value across time
218
do monkeys have social relationships?
evidence suggest no
relationships as trade
219
grooming male and females
supply of goods
eg for sex
220
how chacma baboons grooming acess for infants
-if less babies groom more to gain acess to infants
if lots of baboons present rates of grooming goes down
221
who grooms most in chimps
males
222
what behavours fit better into market theory than social bond theory
-mutual grooming , when not reciprical trade for services
-male grooming females
-meat sharing
males with relationships overtoppling and killing most dominant chimp
223
how are males dimorphic
-larger
-more body mass
-different behavior
-different colour
224
what species difference dimorphism
konkeys and apes -large amont
-Lemurs and langurs are variable, some but also some none
225
what is rensch's rule
in groups of related species sexual size dimorphism more prounounced in larger species
226
why does dimorphism exist
-intra-sexual selection
-sexual selection
227
why does dimorphism exist - intra-sexual selection
individualsl within same sex those more sucessful inherit traits, contest, scrambles, endurance rivalry
228
why inter sexual selection causes dimorphism
mate choice, behavour one sex influeces the behavour other sex
229
when is more intense fighting expected
-more male presence mating time
-fewer females
-longer interbirth intervals
-shorter periods female sexual recptivity
230
what operational sex ratio
number of females available relative to number of males
231
how does operational sex ratio effect sexual dimorphism
higher operational sex ratio= higher sexual dimorphism
232
why have large canines
-canine weapon
-fighting of predators
-fighting with other males
233
corelation canine body size in haplorhines
body size and canine size is correlated
234
how can males become bigger than females
grow faster
grow for longer
235
what selection pressure could be acting females size
-be smaller reach sexial maturity younger age- start giving birth ealuer= have extra infant in life time
236
what evidence females smaller than meant to be
overscaling- brain size and canine size larger than expected for an animal of their size
237
what is a reproductive stratagy
mating + parenting
238
what part reproductive stratagy do males spend most time on
mating
239
what part of reproductive stratagy do females spend most time on
parenting
240
what are different mating strategies
-solitary
-monogymy
-polyandry
-polygymy
241
polyandry
female many males
242
polygmymy
male many females
243
what chalanges polygmy
lots of pressure male have to defend
-feeding comp forces males to be apart from females
-and have ot fend attacks other males
244
what reality gibbon mating stratagy
groupin gmonogomy 75%
some polyandres
some polygny
mating monagamy 12%
wonder to border groups and try and mate with females
245
are gibbons territorial
no 63.7% overlap
defend rescorce patches, but dont establish territory.
246
why do gibbons duet
Theory: females are testing males for quality
247
gibbons, when are males more likely to share females
large home range
low quality
248
what effects if spectral tarsier is monogamous
resource supply- distribution of sleeping trees
249
what scenarios polygmy typical stratagy
-females in small stable groups
-long interbirth intervals = low operational sex ratio
-male-male comp
-males ability to dominate
250
when is monogomy common stratagy
over disperserd recources
solitary = need to protect
high risk infanticide and predation
male care required
251
when do species need male parental care
when offspring large- mother couldn't meet energy need on own
252
how do male geladas take control male bands
-inherit
-steal
-lead away females
253
what benefits and negatives takeover mate stratagy
:) - more females , earier start reproduction
:( short tenure, injury costs
254
is take over or follow-and lead away stratagy best
over a life time both lead to same amount of offspring
= both adaptive stratagy
255
why is large body mass common polygmy
need large to fight to monopolise females
256
what dominace stratagy do most priamtes follow
Try and get to the highest rank as quickly as possible
257
what benefits for males to build coalitions
Help maintain dominance rank for longer
258
what adaptions males if females promiscous
-larger testes
sperm more mitochondria
sperm faster swim speeds
259
what male directed stratagies mating
agression
mate guarding
260
what male-female-directed strategies for mating
grooming- firendship/trading
aggression- herding/ sexual coercion
261
what is the pre-ovulatary period
when eostrogen surge coming
peak period for matin sucess
262
are all monkey menstrual cycles the smae
no
old world siminar to humans
new world shorteer
263
how to baboons show they are ovulating
genetial swelling
264
what are female mating stratagies
-receptivity
-proceptivity
265
define receptivity
willing to mate
266
define proceptivity
engage behaviour encourage mating
267
what might females be looking for in a mate
-best genes
-good genes- strongest
-diversity- different HMC diversity immune response
good farthers- paternal care, infant protection
acess to recources
268
should females share males
yes , if sharing means acess to more recources that out weighs the cost of sharing with females
269
what benefits mulimales mating
-more genetic diversity offspring
-males compete to breed with the strongest
270
what is reproductive supression in marmasets
when mothers present daughters will not breed
271
what could be casing the blocking fertilisation in female marmosets
-hormones- pheromeones (smell) blocking
behaviour- social aggression stopping
272
gelada how can social agression harm mothers
more stressed
increase cortisol
10% decrease reproduction sucess over a lifetime
273
define parental investment
investement current offspring increase its survival at cost parent ability invest subsequent offspring
274
example parental investement
mothers feeding babies milk
275
why large primate milk and humas dilute compared other species
produce long time would take to much energy need to eat to much to offset costs high energy milk
276
why feeding time geladas higher expect relative age infant
need more energy because dry season so less nutrient food
277
baboons how do mothers ofset poor energy dry season
rely on energy reserves (fat0
278
what can effect mothers feeding time
-low tempretures- cold need to eat more
-vigilance- rate predatation, not worth extra feeding if will be eaten
279
do parents produce 1:1 sex ratio
no seems change ration depending facotrs
eg high liklet child reach top rank
likly = males unlikly = females
280
high do high rank maquakes produce females
need lots female kin to maintain their social standing , dominance rank
281
define sexual cohersion
-use of force or threat by male towards a female increase liklyhood mate with that male compared to another at costs to her
282
what direct cohersion
forcing to mate
283
what indirect cohersion
make it more likly mate with them
- eg mate guarding
284
how direct cohersion
-intimidation
-harassment
-agression directly results in mating
-infanticide
285
how males indirect cohersion
-herding
-punishment
-sequestration
286
define sequestration (mating)
male control female so unable to come in contact with another male
287
what are two different stratagies male orangutan mating
-bigger- territorial, life on ground, use power
-Smaller, sneaky chase with trees, no contact with larger males
288
do oraguntans used force or cooperative mating
no clear patterns between different morphs
289
is agresion sucessful chimp mating
yes uncreased sex from victoms
290
does agression harm females
yes stress levels increase
injury
291
what may trigger infanticide lions
-unfimilar odur
-default - kill any young not them
292
what benefits infanticide lions
speed eusturous females start cycling 9 months compared 24 - more chance and time for having your babies and time for them to get large enough to survive
293
other explinations infanticide not evolutionary advantage
-social pathology
-byproduct male agression- pumped up so kill anything
294
when is infanticide the best economic stratagy?
interbirth interval reduced to the point greater probability next baby will be theirs
-still beneficial if male makes a mistake
295
what kind of species is infanticide more common?
species' long lactation to the gestation period
296
what are all the hypothesis for male agression chimps
- sexual selection
-reduce rival coalitions
-byproduct male aggression
- predation
-resource defence
297
are female (chimps) aware of risk infanticide
y- male increase dominance females with young babies avoid him
298
when does most infantacide occur chimps
withs 1 month baby
299
300
what are the female counter stratagies for infanticide
-male protector
-consfuse paternity
-cut your losses
301
why female live with agressive male
live in shadow , befit from their agressivness nothing come near
302
what bruce effect
when a change male aborts pregnancy, there is no point carrying through to full term
303
what other theries infantacide than sexual cohersion
-cannabolism
-recource compition
-reduce future rivals
304
