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Primate Medicine Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Two agents that cause tuberculosis

A

M. tuberculosis

M. bovis

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2
Q

Tuberculosis-transmission

A

aerosol

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3
Q

Tuberculosis-testing

A

problems; especially in orangutans

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4
Q

Clinical signs-tuberculosis

A

mild to severe; initially respiratory

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5
Q

Polio-transmission

A

Fecal-oral with environmental contamination

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6
Q

Prevention-tuberculosis

A

personnel management

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7
Q

Prevention-polio

A

human vaccination
hygiene
ape vaccination
management (?)

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8
Q

Polio symptoms

A

none to paralysis

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9
Q

Measles-transmission

A

aerosol

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10
Q

Measles-symptoms

A

none to skin lesions to resp.

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11
Q

Measles - prevention

A

personnel management, ape vaccination

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12
Q

Resp. myxovirus-causes

A

Influenza
Parainfluenza
Resp. syncytial virus

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13
Q

Resp. myxovirus - transmission

A

aerosolization of secretions

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14
Q

Resp. myxovirus clinical signs

A

generalized signs or mild to severe resp. disease w/ 20 bacterial infections

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15
Q

Bacterial enterocolitis-causes

A
  • shigella
  • salmonella
  • campylobacter
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16
Q

Bacterial enterocolitis - transmission

A

fecal-oral & environmental contamination

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17
Q

Bacterial enterocolitis signs

A

none, dysentery; systemic signs, including meningitis

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18
Q

Prevention-bacterial enterocolitis

A

Personnel management, hygiene

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19
Q

Three “scary” zooanthroponoses

A
  1. Herpes Simian B Virus
  2. Ebola Virus
  3. Marburg Virus
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20
Q

Pathogenesis of herpes B virus in natural host

A

similar to herpes simplex-humans

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21
Q

Herpes B Virus in humans

A

severe neurologic impairment; severe brain damage or death unless treatment initiated after exposure

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22
Q

When was last identified case of Herpes B virus? Last fatality?

A

2008

last fatality in 1997-researcher splashed in eye with urine of infected ape

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23
Q

Drug that may prevent progression of Herpes B in humans?

24
Q

Cause of ebola hemorrhagic fever

Study These Flashcards
A

RNA virus in family Filoviridae

25
When was ebola first recognized?
1976
26
How to maximize prognosis for ebola
- early detection - manage electrolyte & fluid balance - maintain oxygen status and blood pressure - treat concomitant infections
27
Ebola-transmission
via mucous membranes, breaks in skin, or parenteral - infected body fluids, secretions - person-person - fomites
28
Five major zoonotic concerns
1. Tuberculosis 2. Polio 3. Measles 4. Resp. Myxoviruses 5. Bacterial enterocolitis
29
Ebola-cell types infected? migrates to where in body?
Infects monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, adrenal cortical cells, epithelial cells Migrates to regional lymph nodes, liver, spleen and adrenal glands
30
Why are hemorrhagic symptoms seen with ebola?
- coagulopathies related to hepatocellular necrosis | - impairment of clotting and vascular leakage due to release of cytokines
31
Why is hypotension seen with ebola?
adrenocortical necrosis
32
When is onset of fever and symptoms in patients with ebola?
abrupt onset 8-12 days after exposure
33
Ebola can be mistake for what other diseases due to initial non-specific symptoms
- malaria - typhoid fever - meningococemia - pneumonia & other bacterial infections
34
"later onset" symptoms of ebola (about 5 days after initial nonspecific symptoms)
- severe watery diarrhea - nausea - vomiting - abdominal pain - chest pain - shortness of breath - headache - confusion - conjunctival injection - seizures, cerebral edema reported - hiccups reported - bleeding (variety of manifestations) - possibly diffuse erythematous maculopapular rash - pregnant women-spontaneous miscarriages
35
Usual cause of death seen with ebola; timeframe for death?
multiorgan failure, septic shock within 6-16 days
36
Cause-Marburg virus
RNA virus of filovirus family
37
Marburg virus is associated with what non-human primates?
African green monkeys
38
Reservoir host-Marburg virus
African Fruit Bat | does not affect them
39
Suspected transmission of Marburg virus to humans
exposure to bat feces/aerosols; person to person transmission as well
40
Characteristic signs of Marburg virus
sudden onset headache, myalgia, macropapular rash prominent on trunk
41
Ddx for primate patient with diarrhea
Salmonella Shigella Campylobacter
42
Ddx for primate patient with bloody diaper
``` Diaper rash UTI Uterine Diseases -endometritis -uterine cancer -endometriosis ```
43
Causes of bacterial pneumonia in primates
``` Streptococcus Klebsiella Staphylococcus Haemophilus Bordetella ```
44
Ddx for primate patient with neurologic signs
Trauma Rabies Viral encephalitis
45
New world monkey characteristics
- primarily tree dwellers - no marked sexual dimorphism - no cheek pouches - prehensile tails
46
New world monkeys seen as pets
- Marmosets - Owl monkeys - Capuchin - Spider monkey
47
Old world monkey characteristics
- various habitat; rainforest-desert - marked sexual dimorphism - ischeal callosities - some have cheek pouches - tails not prehensile, if they have them
48
Vaccinations for primates
MMR Tetanus Rabies
49
MMR vaccination plans?
at 6-18 months and 10 years or after 15 months and 10 years
50
Tetanus vaccination plans?
2, 4, 5, and 18 months, 5 years, every 10 years or annually for 3 years, then every 3 years or annually for three years, then every 10 years
51
Rabies vaccination plans?
``` 6 months then annually or vaccinate once then every 1-3 years or annually and repeat based on titers ```
52
TB testing
commonly at 18 months then annually
53
Organisms tested for with fecal culture?
Shigella Salmonella Campylobacter
54
Fecal culture frequency?
annually
55
Basic principles of a primate visit
- owner should bring monkey in cage/carrier - move owner and monkey into exam room ASAP - avoid unnecessary eye contact - control situation - chemical restraint unless infant, young, or moribund patient and nonpainful procedure - be organized to take advantage of immobilization

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