Primer 17 - Neurotransmitters

Question 1

What is the Hemicholiniam function ?

Answer 1

Inhibit the choline transport.

Question 2

Once, Into the cell what enzyme convert acetyl-coA + choline to ACh ?

Answer 2

Choline acetyltranseferase.

Question 3

What is the drug that inhibit the ACh package in the vesicle ?

Answer 3

Vesamicol

Question 4

What kind of functions does the calcium in the presynaptic membrane?

Answer 4

Release vesicles.

Question 5

Patient who suffered a black widow spider attack, what mechanism is activated for the toxin?

Answer 5

The toxin stimulates the release of ACh, and cause spastic paralysis.

Question 6

What effect does the botulinum toxin?

Answer 6

Inhibit the release of ACh in the synaptic membrane , and causes flaccid paralysis.

Question 7

What drug degraded ACh ?

Answer 7

ACh Esterase, in the postsynaptic membrane.

Question 8

Which enzyme convert the Phenylalanine to Tyrosine, and what is the disease when there are deficit of this enzyme?

Answer 8

Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, the disease is Phenylketonuria.

Question 9

Newborn who present an Autosomal recessive disorder with intellectual disability, growth retardation, seizures, fair skin, eczema and musty body odor, what is the enzyme affected and which is the treatment?

Answer 9

The patient has phenylketonuria deficit of phenylalanine Hydroxylase. The treatment consist In Less phenylalanine and high tyrosine diet, also tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation.

Question 10

Which is the primordial cofactor to develop dopamine?

Answer 10

B6 pyridoxine

Question 11

Which is the cofactor to develop norepinephrine from dopamine?

Answer 11

Vitamin C

Question 12

What drug inhibit the Tyrosine Hydroxylase enzyme?

Answer 12

Metyrosine

Question 13

Which enzyme convert tyrosine to dopa?

Answer 13

Tyrosine Hydroxylase

Question 14

What step is inhibit by Reserpine?

Answer 14

The Norepinephrine packing into the vesicle.

Question 15

What substances can release the norepinephrine from the vesicles?

Answer 15

Amphetamine, ephedrine and tyramine.*inhibitory for Guanethidine and Bretylium.

Question 16

Which are the norepinephrine receptors in the postsynaptic membrane ?

Answer 16

Adrenoreceptors alpha or beta

Question 17

Which receptors are in the presynaptic membrane that can inhibit release of norepinephrine ?

Answer 17

Alpha 2 (sympathetic) and parasympathetic M2

Question 18

Which is the release-modulating receptors for the norepinephrine ?

Answer 18

AT II (angiotensin 2) receptor in the presynaptic membrane.

Question 19

What substances inhibit the norepinephrine reuptake?

Answer 19

Cocaine, TCAs ( Tricyclic antidepressant) and amphetamine.

Question 20

What enzyme can Methylates norepinephrine ?

Answer 20

Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT)

Question 21

What function do the Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)?

Answer 21

Oxidizes norepinephrine.

Question 22

Which G-protein linked second messenger receptor does vascular smooth muscle contraction (vasoconstriction)?

Answer 22

Alpha 1 sympathetic G-protein class q, Also it does mydriasis, and intestinal and bladder sphincter muscle contraction.

Question 23

Which is the choline cotransport?

Answer 23

Na, Sodium.

Question 24

What is the receptor that inhibit norepinephrine release and also inhibits norepinephrine-mediated vasoconstriction?

Answer 24

Alpha 2 receptor, G-protein class i

Question 25

Which of the receptors beta increase heart rate and myocardial contractility?

Answer 25

Beta 1 receptor G-protein class s, also increase renin release.

Question 26

Which of the beta receptors have their major functions in lung?

Answer 26

Beta 2 receptor G-protein class s, major functions: -vasodilation -bronchodilation -tocolysis(decrease uterine tone), -ciliary muscle relaxation.

Question 27

Where you can find the M1 and M2 receptors?

Answer 27

M1 G-protein class q = Enteric nervous system, "rest and digest". M2 G-protein class i = decrease contractility and heart rate in the atria the SA node.

Question 28

Which is the receptor that increase bladder contraction, increase gut peristalsis, lacrimation or tearing?

Answer 28

M3 G-protein class q, also it making mitosis and bronchoconstriction.

Question 29

Major functions of D1 and D2 receptors:

Answer 29

``` D1 G-protein class s: relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle. D2 G-protein class i: modulates transmitter release, especially in brain. ```

Question 30

What receptor is involved in the symptoms of the allergy?

Answer 30

H1 G-protein class q receptors also are responsible for pruritus and bronchoconstriction.

Question 31

Patient who has gastritis, which Histamine receptor is involved I the increase gastric acid secretion?

Answer 31

H2 receptor G-protein class s

Question 32

Vasopressin 1 and 2 functions:

Answer 32

``` V1 G-protein class q (increase vascular smooth muscle contraction). V2 G-protein class s (increase reabsorption in collecting tubules of the kidney) v2 is found in the 2 kidneys. ```

Question 33

Which receptor response to epinephrine and norepinephrine ?

Answer 33

Alpha and beta receptors

Question 34

Muscarinic receptors response to...

Answer 34

Acetylcholine.

Question 35

How many receptors are used by Dopamine?

Answer 35

D1 and D2

Question 36

What enzyme is activated by Gq receptor?

Answer 36

Phospholipase C. Norepinephrine>phospholipase C> separate PiP2 in 1) Ip3>increase calcium > smooth muscle contraction. 2) DAG > protein kinase C. "Cutesies HAVe 1 M&M".

Question 37

Gi i inhibit Adenylyl cyclase which are Gi receptors?

Answer 37

MAD'2

Question 38

What is the function of Gs?

Answer 38

Stimulate Adenylyl cyclase that convert ATP in cAMP and development protein kinase A that increase calcium (heart), and myosin light-chain kinase(smooth muscle)

Question 39

What substances inhibit the reuptake norepinephrine ?

Answer 39

Cocaine and TCAs.

Question 40

What substances stimulate the release of norepinephrine from neurons?

Answer 40

Calcium, amphetamines, ephedrine and tyramine.

Question 41

What G protein class does each of the following receptors stimulate? Alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1 and 2, Muscarinics 1,2 and 3, and Dopamine 2.

Answer 41

Alpha 1 (q), alpha 2 (i), beta 1(s) and 2 (s), M1(q), M2(i), M3(q), D2(i).

Question 42

Outline the pathway by which stimulation of Gs receptor activates protein Kinase A?

Answer 42

Gs active Adenylate cyclase> increased levels of cyclic AMP> activation of protein kinase A.