Primer 7

Question 1

Waist to hip circumference for men should be less than

0. 25
1. 5
2. 8
3. 95

Answer 1

0.95

Question 2

Waist to hip circumference for women should be less than

0. 25
1. 5
2. 8
3. 95

Answer 2

0.8

Question 3

Measuring the skinfold of the triceps helps estimate body _____ composition

Muscle
Fat
Protein
water

Answer 3

Fat

Question 4

Measuring the midarm muscle circumference estimates body ________ composition

Muscle
Fat
Protein
water

Answer 4

Muscle

Question 5

Urinary excretion of which 2 metabolites estimates total body muscle mass?

1-Methylhistidine
3-Methylhistidine
Creatinine
Creatine

Answer 5

3-Methylhistidine and CREATININE

Question 6

Total body nitrogen content is indicated by

BUN
Creatinine
Bilirubin
N2 measurement

Answer 6

BUN

Question 7

Urea is formed in the _________ and excreted by the _______.

Answer 7

Liver, kidneys

Question 8

Elevated BUN indicates which type of organ failure?

Renal
Hepatic
Splenic
Colonic

Answer 8

Renal (not being excreted well)

Question 9

Low BUN indicates which type of organ disease?

Renal
Hepatic
Splenic
Colonic

Answer 9

Hepatic…likely enough not being formed

Question 10

Body protein reserves are reflected in the concentration of which serum component?

Bilirubin
Creatine
Albumin
Globulin

Answer 10

Albumin

Question 11

A serum albumin level under _____ suggests protein malnutrition, GI inflammation, digestive in capacity, edema in the extremities, CHF, acute liver disease, ecclampsia of pregnancy, or protein loss due to renal dysfunction.

< 5.5

7. 5
8. 5
9. 5

Answer 11

< 5.5

serum albumin concentration <3.5 g/dL is indicative of malnutrition in an elderly individual.

Serum albumin concentrations less than 3.5 g/dL often accompany dehydration or hypothyroidism.

Question 12

Serum albumin less than _____ often accompanies dehydration or hypothyroidism

<5.5
<4.5
<3.5
<2.5

Answer 12

<3.5

Question 13

Serum osteocalcin, serum total and bone alk phos, serum type 1 collagen propeptide are markers of

Bone resorption
Bone formation
Bone density
Bone cancer

Answer 13

Bone formation

Question 14

Urinary pyridinoline and urinary hydroxyproline, along with plasma tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity are markers of

Bone resorption
Bone formation
Bone density
Bone cancer

Answer 14

Bone resorption

Question 15

Dehydration of cells, due to hypernatremia, can cause dry mucous membranes and sunken eyeballs, but much more dangerous issues when cerebral cells become dehydrated. Sx of cerebral cellular dehydration are

Answer 15

Restlessness, apprehension, coma

Question 16

Hyperkalemia can cause disturbances of

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Both

Answer 16

Both

Question 17

Abdominal distension, bloating, constipation, nausea, vomiting, general lethargy, muscle weakness, lack of normal reflex, increased cardiac contractility and elevated BP are signs of which?

Hypernatremia
Hypercalcemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hyperkalemia

Answer 17

Hypercalcemia

Question 18

What is the appropriate blood pH range?

Answer 18

7.35-7.45

Question 19

What occurs when increased blood CO2 elevates plasma H2CO3 (carbonic acid) and decreases the ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3(-) {bicarbonate ion} in plasma to less than 1:20?

Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 19

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory Acidosis occurs when increased blood CO2 concentration in turn elevates plasma H2CO3 concentration and decreases the ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma to less than 1:20. The usual cause is pulmonary disease that impairs the ability to excrete CO2. In uncompensated respiratory acidosis, plasma HCO3- concentration remains in the normal range and plasma pH falls below 7.35.

In compensated respiratory acidosis, urinary excretion of acid is increased, in turn elevating plasma HCO3- concentration, restoring a 1:20 ratio of the plasma concentrations of H2CO3 andHCO3 - and returning plasma pH to 7.35-7.45.

Question 20

What occurs when alterations in metabolism generate increases amounts of organic acids that lower plasma pH, which increases the production of H2CO3?

Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 20

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic Acidosis occurs when alterations in metabolism generate increased amounts of non- volatile organic acids that lower plasma to pH to below 7.35. The increased plasma acidity upsets the equilibrium between H2CO3 and HCO3-, increasing the production of H2CO3 and resulting in a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma of less than 1:20.

Increased respiratory excretion of CO2 can compensate for increasing acid production, returning plasma CO2 and HCO3- concentrations, the plasma H2CO3 to HCO3- ratio and plasma pH to normal.

Question 21

What occurs when CO2 excretion by the lungs causes decreased plasma CO2 concentration, leading to low levels of HCO3(-) and a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3(-) in plasma greater than 1:20?

Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 21

Respiratory alkalosis

Respiratory Alkalosis occurs when increased pulmonary excretion of CO2 causes decreased plasma CO2 concentration, leading to depression of plasma HCO3- concentration, a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma greater than 1:20 and elevation of plasma pH to above 7.45.

Increased excretion of alkaline urine can restore the plasma ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- to 1:20 and return plasma pH to the normal range.

Question 22

What occurs when metabolic alterations generate depress HCO3 (-) levels and a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3(-) of greater than 1:20, decreased plasma CO2?

Metabolic Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 22

Metabolic Alkalosis

Metabolic Alkalosis occurs when alterations in metabolism generate increased amounts of alkali, leading to depression of plasma HCO3- concentration, a ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3- in plasma greater than 1:20, decreased plasma CO2 concentration and elevation of plasma pH to above 7.45.

Decreased respiratory excretion of CO2 can restore the plasma ratio of H2CO3 to HCO3 - to 1:20 and return plasma pH to the normal range.

Question 23

PKU nutritional therapy involves a diet low in phenylalanine and high in which amino acid?

Tryptophan
Tyrosine
Methionine
Arginine

Answer 23

Tyrosine. PKU is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase which converts Phe to Tyr. Since Phe won’t be converted, need to avoid it and replace Tyr since it can’t be generated

Question 24

Tyrosenemia type 1 causes hypertyrosenemia, which causes rickets and potentially fatal hepatomegaly. Nutritional therapy is based on diets low in which 2 amino acids?

Answer 24

Phe and Tyr, because Phe is coverted to Tyr.

Question 25

Cystathione synthase defect causes which metabolic issue that leads to increased CVD and mental retardation?

hypercystathionemia
hypermethionemia
hyperhomocysteinemia
hyperglycemia

Answer 25

hyperhomocysteinemia

Question 26

Which amino acid should be avoided or restricted in a situation of cystathionine-beta-synthase defect?

Tryptophan
Cysteine
Methionine
Arginine

Answer 26

Methionine (converted to Hcys)

The CBS gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called cystathionine beta-synthase. This enzyme acts in a chemical pathway and is responsible for using vitamin B6 to convert building block of proteins (amino acid) called homocysteine and serine to a molecule called cytathionine.

Question 27

Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a is due to a defect in ________. This causes which two primary symptoms?

Hyperglycemia and hepatomegaly
Hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly
Hyperglycemia and splenomegaly
Hypoglycemia and splenomegaly

Answer 27

glucose-6-phosphatase

Hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)

Question 28

Effective nutritional therapy for Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a is a diet with ________ fat and ________ complex carbs

Low, low
Low, high
high, low
High, high

Answer 28

Low, high