Principals Of Disease Flashcards
(111 cards)
0
Q
Plieomorphism
A
Different sized cells
1
Q
Paraneoplasia
A
Systemic manifestation of neoplasia not related to local or metastatic growth effects
2
Q
Anaplasia
A
Lack of cell differentiation
3
Q
Cell injury
A
Any change that reduces the ability to maintain normal or adapted homeostasis
4
Q
Hypoxia
A
Lack of oxygen
5
Q
Free radicals
A
Substances with unpaired electrons
6
Q
Ischemia
A
Inadequate blood supply to an organ or tissue
7
Q
Oncosis
A
Swelling of cells
8
Q
Pyknosis
A
Condensation of chromatin in the cell nucleus
9
Q
Karyolysis
A
Dissolution of a cell nucleus
10
Q
Apoptosis
A
Programmed cell death
11
Q
Necrosis
A
Lethal cell injury
12
Q
Coagulative necrosis
A
Pale, often haemorrhagic, firm dead tissue. Cells are still visible histologically as shadows of their former selves. Usually acute injury
13
Q
Liquefactive necrosis
A
Liquified tissue after rapid autolysis
14
Q
Caseous necrosis
A
Cheese like tissue. Associated with chronic bacterial infection
15
Q
Exothetic
A
Growing outward
16
Q
Endothetic
A
Growing inward
17
Q
Sarcoma
A
Malignant neoplasm derived from mesenchyme (spindle cell)
18
Q
Carcinoma
A
Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin (clumpy cells)
19
Q
Adenoma
A
Neoplasm of glandular tissue
20
Q
DIC
A
Disseminate intravascular coagulation
21
Q
Haematogenous
A
Spread through blood vessels
22
Q
Transceolomic spread
A
Spread of mets in body cavity
23
Q
Anisokaryosis
A
Different sizes of nucleus
24
Scirrhous response
Excessive connective tissue (scarring)
25
Aplasia
Failure of development
26
Congenital
An abnormality of structure of function present at birth, but not necessarily detected at birth
27
Tumour
An abnormal mass
28
Neoplasm
New abnormal uncontrolled growth
29
Cancer
Any malignant cellular tumour
30
Hypertrophy
Increased cell size
31
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size and number
32
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number. Can be physiological or pathological
33
Metaplasia
Replacement of one cell type with another.
Eg epithelium: conversion to stratified squamous
Mesenchyme: fibrous tissue to bone
34
Dyplasia
Proliferation of disorganised epithelial cells. Often a consequence of prolonged hyperplastic change and are verging on uncontrolled. This is therefore a pre-neoplastic change
35
Aplasia
Complete failure of an organ to develop
36
Hypoplasia
Organ developed but did not reach normal size
37
Benign
Not malignant. Tend to be solitary, slow growing, well circumscribed, rounded mass.
38
Malignant
Tending to become progressively worse, leading to death. Tend to have in distinct borders, ulcerated, necrotising, and fast growth. Cells are anaplastic, plieomorphic and have high numbers of mitotic bodies.
39
Metastasis (pl; metastases)
The transfer of disease from one site in the body to another unconnected part. Can transfer through lymphatics, vessels or in body cavities.
40
Stroma
Proliferation of supporting tissue in a tumour
41
Proto-oncogenes
Produce proteins that control normal cell division
42
Tumour suppressor genes
Products of these genes suppress cell division (opposite of proto-oncogenes)
43
Oncogene
Mutated cell that promotes uncontrolled cell division
44
Carcinogen
Agent capable of inducing mutation. May be; chemical, physical, and biological
45
Angiogenesis
Growth of blood supply
46
Papilloma
Epithelial neoplasm growing outward on a peduncle
47
TOO gland
B: adenoma
M: adenocarcinoma
48
TOO squamous epithelium
B: papilloma
M: squamous cell carcinoma
49
TOO Basal cell of epidermis
B: basal cell epithelioma
M: basal cell carcinoma
50
TOO
| fibroblast
B: fibroma
M: fibrosarcoma
51
TOO
| blood vessel epithelium
B: haemangioma
M: haemangiosarcoma
52
TOO
| bone (osteoblasts)
B: osteoma
M: osteosarcoma
53
TOO
| blood vessel pericyte
M: haemangio-percytoma
54
Atrophy
Wastage of tissue (decreased cell size)
55
Cachexia
Wasting of body
56
TOO
| lymph node
B: lymphoma
M: lymphosarcoma
57
Cytology
Microscopic examination of a stained smear of cells taken from a mass. Cheap and quick, great for cell features but cannot classify a neoplasm
58
Histopathology
Examination of a stained section taken from a biopsy of a mass. Allows margins to be examined, preserves tissue structure so can be used to classify neoplasms
59
Grading (neoplasm)
Measuring the features of a neoplasm which are presumed to predict it's behaviour
60
Staging (neoplasms)
Measuring the behaviour of a neoplasm
61
Aetiology
Cause of disease
62
Inflammation
The reaction of vascularised living tissue to local injury. Is given the suffix "-itis"
63
Cardinal signs of inflammation
Heat, swelling, redness, pain and impaired function
64
Host defence/immunity
The capacity of an organism to resist and respond to disease causing agent
65
Host response
Part if the host defence/immunity that includes important mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity
66
Innate immunity
Mechanisms that are primarily inherited and not dependant on exposure to specific antigens, but rather to foreignness. Fast but non specific
67
Adaptive immunity
Specific foreign antigen defence system
68
Peracute
Rapid response. Includes heamodynamic and permeability changes
69
TLR
Toll like receptors. Recognise conserved molecules on the surface of pathogens and alert the host to the invasion
70
PAMPs
Pathogen associated molecular patterns. Molecules on the surface of pathogens that are recognised by TLRs. These molecules are similar throughout pathogens.
71
Eicosanoids
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes which cause pain and vasodilation in inflammation. Eg COX and LTB4
72
Vasoactive amines
Stored in the granules of tissue mast cells, basophils and platelets. Have a role in vascular permeability and control of smooth muscle cells. Eg Histamine
73
Tachykinins
Vasoactive neuro peptides released from peripheral and central nerves in response to stimuli. Stimulate pain, vasodilation and permeability.
74
Clotting cascade
Formation of fibrin from fibrinogen after exposure of collagen, basement membrane or activated platelets. Also produces thrombin. Forms a fibrin clot to trap pathogens
75
Kinin cascade
Initiated by factor 11a to produce bradykinin which induces pain, vasodilation and vascular permeability. Also produces plasmin which lyses fibrin, balancing the clotting cascade, and activates the complement cascade
76
Complement cascade
Complex cascade that produces, amongst other products, the membrane attack complex, anaphylotoxins, and pathogen opsonisors
77
Hyperaemia
Increased blood in an area
78
Transudate
Low protien ultrafiltrate of the blood. Consists of water, small protiens and dissolved electrolytes.
79
Exudate
Extra vascular fluid with high content of protiens cellular debris and leucocytes
80
Modified transudate
Middle ground between transudate and exudate
81
Opsonisation
Process by which opsonins make pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis
82
Chemostaxsis
Movement of an organism, or cell, to respond to a chemical stimulus. Eg neutrophils responding to infection
83
Diapedesis
Passage of blood cells through intact walls of capillaries
84
Infiltrate
Cellular phase of exudate
85
Humoral immunity
Branch of adaptive mediated by antibodies
86
Interleukin
Group of cytokines that mediate communication between cells
87
Mast cells
Granulocyte of tissues that release histamine other allergic responses
88
Ig immunoglobulin
Antibodies. Y shaped molecule produced by plasma cells to identify and neutralise foreign objects
89
Interferon gamma IFN
Protein that inhibit viral infection and stimulate the entire immune system
90
Sentinel cells
Cells within tissues that recognise threats. Mast cells, granulocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells are examples
91
Oncosis
Swelling of cells
92
Malacia
Soft to touch
93
Autolysis
Self digestion of a cell after death
94
Congestion
Excess blood in vessels of a tissue as a result of diminished venous outflow
95
Congestive heart failure
Circulatory congestion caused by hearts inability to pump blood adequately
96
Hyperaemia
Excess blood in vessels of a tissue due to active arteriolar mediated engorgement of the vascular bed
97
Ischemia
Local reduction of blood supply to a tissue due to obstruction of inflow of arterial blood or vasoconstriction
98
Shock
A complex syndrome where blood supply to tissues becomes inadequate
99
Thrombus
Blood clot formed in vessels during life
100
Embolus
Matter in the blood stream
101
Infarct
Localised necrosis due to inadequate blood flow
102
DIC
Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Complex clotting disorder developed as a complication of disease where thromboemboli form in capillaries and venues in many tissues.
103
Anasarca
Generalised oedema with fluid accumulation in serous cavities
104
Ascites
Accumulation of oedematous fluid in peritoneal cavity
105
Effusion
Accumulation of any fluid in a body cavity
106
What causes post mortem changes to occur at a faster rate?
1. High ambient temperature
2. Animal's body temperature high prior to death e.g. fever, convulsions
3. Excessive fat or wool slows cooling of carcasse
107
Petechiae
Multiple pin-head sized haemorrhages
108
Ecchymoses
Multiple irregular haemorrhages, about 20mm across
109
Epistaxis
nose bleed
110
Cardinal signs of inflammation
1. heat
2. swelling
3. redness
4. pain
5. loss of function
