Principles 2 final

Question 1

The static model of the subluxation complex emphasises:

a. muscle spasm
b. the afferent neuron
c. the anatomical position
d. the joint motion

Answer 1

C. The anatomical position

Question 2

Which would not be considered a “lesion”?

a. fixation of a spinal segment
b. inability to sense a pinprick
c. an exaggerated somato-autonomic reflex
d. a skeletal muscle which is unresponsive to electrical stimulation

Answer 2

c. an exaggerated somato-autonomic reflex

Question 3

Dr. D.D. Palmer clearly indicated that

a. subluxation may increase nerve conduction
b. loss of proper motion defines a subluxation
c. all subluxations cause neurological deficits
d. all of the above

Answer 3

a. subluxation may increase nerve conduction

Question 4

The “VA” fiber may be classified as:

a. C-nociceptive
b. A- mechanoreceptive
c. either of the above
d. neither of the above

Answer 4

C. either of the above

Question 5

Reflexes can be most enhanced by
a. neuropathy
b. nociceptive afferentation
c. IVF compression
D. Mechanoreceptive bombardment of the cord

Answer 5

B. Nociceptive afferentation

Question 6

The dynamic subluxation model is revealed through:

a. identification of misaligned landmarks
b. analysis of vertebral movement
c. visualization on x-ray
d. patient symptomatology

Answer 6

B. Analysis of vertebral movement

Question 7

The fixation model emphasizes ____ as the causative factor for exaggerated reflexes.

a. loss of somatic efferentation
b. decreased visceral afferentation
c. IVF encroachment
d. Diminished mechanoreceptive afferentation

Answer 7

D. diminished mechanoreceptive afferentation

Question 8

The recommended approach to define a “lesion state” is to emphasize:

a. function
b. appearance
c. exaggerated behavior of the tissue in question
d. patient signs and symptoms

Answer 8

a. function

Question 9

How may a neuron be facillatated?

a. inc. irritation and inc. inhibition
b. inc. irritation and dec. inhibition
c. dec. irritation and inc. inhibition
d. dec. irritation and dec. inhibtion

Answer 9

b. inc. irritation and dec. inhibition

Question 10

Where is GABA initially released?

a. in the dorsal horn
b. at the dorsal root ganglion
c. in the IVF
d. in the sympathetic ganglia

Answer 10

a. in the dorsal horn

Question 11

Which would be most likely to release GABA?

a. sunburned skin
b. chronic heart disease
c. deep tissue massage
d. sleeping

Answer 11

c. deep tissue massage

Question 12

Which is NOT a diagnostic feature of the afferentation model of the subluxation?

a. pain on palpation
b. paraspinal muscle hypertonicity
c. vertebral malposition
d. sweating

Answer 12

C. vertebral malposition

Question 13

To confirm true nerve compression, one would have to demonstrate the presence of:
A. pain 
B. Deficits
C. Reflexes
D. Subluxation

Answer 13

B. deficits

Question 14

Which statement is true?

a. somato-visceral reflexes result from neurological dysfunction
b. the hyperactive neuron is a dysfunctional neuron
c. hypertonicity is an example of a muscle lesion
d. none of the above

Answer 14

D. none of the above

Question 15

a true philosopher will

a. often change opinion as new information becomes available
b. determine what is true and not veer from that position
c. demonstrate an unwillingness to share knowledge with others
d. be uncomfortable with multiple viable answers to a single question

Answer 15

a. oftenchange opinion as new information becomes available