principles and theories of learning movement skills - Flashcards
what is operant conditioning?
when learning occurs as a result of a connection between stimulus and response.
what is the s-r bond?
the link between the stimulus and behavior. can be strengthened or weakened through interactions with performance
what methods can be used during operant conditioning?
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
what is positive reinforcement?
the use of rewards to aid in the learning of a skill; strengthens the S-R bond for the performer. the reward acts as a persuasion to repeat the same effort and performance again
What is negative reinforcement?
The use of punishment in order to discourage bad technique and outcomes of skills. for example, in rugby, if a performer is to drop a ball in training, they may be made to run round the posts and back.
How is punishment useful?
It is used as a negative stimulus to weaken S-R bond towards undesired response
What is the cognitive learning theory?
the ability of a performer to be able to react to external stimuli and be able to adapt their game depending on external factors.
what is different from operant conditioning
learning from the surroundings and what is changing and occurring in the environment around the performer. there is no trial and error within this theory and skills are learned through understanding rather than connecting specific stimuli.
example of cognitive theory -
a footballer who recognizes that the pitch is slippery will take this into account and adapt their play accordingly
what are the three Thorndike’s laws?
- Law of exercise
- Law of effect
- Law of readiness
what is the law of exercise?
Repeating or rehearsing the S-R connections is more likely to strengthen them. reinforcement is necessary.
e.g. If a gymnast repeatedly practices a floor routine, the Stimulus-Response bond will be strengthened
what is the law of effect?
if the response is followed by a ‘satisfyer’ (reward) then the Stimulus-Response bond is strengthened
e.g. if a beginner rugby player completes a successful spin pass, then the ‘effect’ is deemed to be successful as is more likely that the player will perform the skill again
what is the law of readiness?
the performer must be physically and mentally able to complete the task
e.g. a learner swimmer must want to be physically capable of trying butterfly is she is to master the stroke
what is Bandura’s social learning theory?
a performer learning from external sources and other people
what affects Bandura’s social learning theory?
- the significance of the other
- if the other is a role model or someone significant to the performer (i.e family or friend or coach) then it is more likely that the performer will copy them - motivation of the performer
- the performer themselves must be motivated in order to copy the significant other. if the performer is not motivated to improve or participate, then it will be ineffective. - the skill of the significant other
- if the significant other is a highly skilled performer, then it is more likely for the performer to copy their actions. this can be seen with young footballer’s copying professional’s actions
