Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance

Question 1

COMPOUNDS that are naturally produced by living microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi; natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic molecule used to treat or prevent disease

Answer 1

Antibiotics

Question 2

Natural or synthesized substances that actively inhibit or kill microorganism

Answer 2

Antimicrobial agent

Question 3

This are obtained or purified by microorganisms

Answer 3

Natural

Question 4

Substances that are chemically synthesize

Answer 4

Synthetic

Question 5

Antimicrobial action

Answer 5

• Active form
• Able to achieve sufficient concentration to take affect

Question 6

One of the aspect of pharmacology where it deals with the action of the drugs when it comes to its activity

Answer 6

Pharmacokinetics

Question 7

What antibiotics are negative in Serum or blood?

Answer 7

Norfloxacin
Nitrofurantoin

Question 8

What antibiotics that are positive in CSF?

Answer 8

MAC

Meropenem
Ampicillin
Ceftriaxone

Question 9

What antibiotics that is/are negative in Urine?

Answer 9

Clindamycin

Question 10

NOTE: for Antibiotics not mention

Answer 10

Serum/Blood: (+)
MACVCGC

Meropenem
Ampicillin
Ceftriaxone
Vancomycin
Ciprofloxacin
Gentamicin
Clindamycin

CSF (-)
GCNN

Gentamicin
Clindamycin
Norfloxacin
Nitrofurantoin

Urine (+)
MACVCG NN

Meropenem
Ampicillin
Ceftriaxone
Vancomycin
Ciprofloxacin
Gentamicin
Clindamycin
Norfloxacin
Nitrofurantoin

Question 11

NOTE: Reaching the target concentration results to the disruption of cellular activity such as growth inhibition or Cell death depending on the Mechanism of action

Question 12

Antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial growth, but generally do not kill the organism

Answer 12

Bacteriostatic agents

Question 13

Antimicrobial agents that kills the target organisms

Answer 13

Bactericidal agents

Question 14

Antibacterial agents that exhibit substantial specificity in terms of their bactericidal cell targets

Answer 14

Mode of Action

Question 15

What are the Bacteriostatic agents?

Answer 15

TripL Subo TiTe EryCh CliQu

Trimethoprim
Linezolid
Sulfonamides
Tetracyclines
Tigecycline
Erythromycin (Macrolides)
Chloramphenicol
Clindamycin
Quinupristin (Dalfopristin)

Question 16

2 Components of Peptidoglycan?

Answer 16

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylmuramic acid

Question 17

Contains four-member, nitrogen containing, ring at the core of their structure

Answer 17

Beta-lactam

Question 18

Responsible for inhibits transpeptidation process

Answer 18

Penicillin binding proteins

Question 19

Process of creating cross links specifically the covalent bond between the peptidoglycan molecules

Answer 19

Transpeptidation

Question 20

Where beta lactamase specifically targets in the peptidoglycan.

Answer 20

In between N-acetylmuramic acid (Cross-linkage)

Question 21

What are the examples of Beta-lactams?

Answer 21

Penicillin
Cephalosporin
Monobactams
Carbapenems

Question 22

Examples of penicillin?

Answer 22

Penicillin
Ampicillin
Piperacillin
Mezlocillin

Question 23

Examples of Cephalosporins

Answer 23

Cefazolin
Cefuroxime
Cefotetan
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Cefepime

Question 24

Example of Monobactam

Answer 24

Aztreonam

Question 25

Example of Carbapenems

Answer 25

Imipenem Meropenem Doripenem

Question 26

Binds to PBPS to inhibit?

Answer 26

Cell Wall synthesis

Question 27

In beta-lactams, they can be differentiated in their?

Answer 27

Extensions in beta-lactam ring

Question 28

Inhibiting the cell wall synthesis of bacteria result to?

Answer 28

Osmotic instability = Cell death

Question 29

Enzyme that inhibits beta-lactam group?

Answer 29

Beta-lactamases

Question 30

What bacteria that releases beta lactamases to the environment?

Answer 30

Gram positive

Question 31

What bacteria the release beta lactamases in the periplasmic space (Periplasm)

Answer 31

Gram negative (Periplasmic space can only be located in gram negative bacteria)

Question 32

Group A and D of Beta lactamases are considered?

Answer 32

Serine peptidases

Question 33

Group C of Beta lactamases are considered?

Answer 33

Cephalosporinases

Question 34

Group B of Beta lactamases are considered?

Answer 34

Metallo-beta-lactamases

Question 35

Cofactor for Group B beta lactamases

Answer 35

Zinc

Question 36

Combination of 2 antibiotics (With antimicrobial acitivity and Without activity that is capable of inhibiting the beta lactamase enzyme)

Answer 36

Beta-Lactam combination

Question 37

Bacteria that that naturally produce beta lactams?

Answer 37

Penicillium notatum Streptomyces cattleya Cephalosporin acrenomium

Question 38

Targets both aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and negative bacteria?

Answer 38

Beta lactam

Question 39

Other major class of antibiotic that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the end of the peptidoglycan (PG), interfering with transpeptidation

Answer 39

Glycopeptides

Question 40

Glycopeptides that contain hydrophobic chemical groups that inhibit transglycosylation process necessary for cell wall synthesis

Answer 40

Lipoglycopeptides

Question 41

2 Monomers in peptidoglycan?

Answer 41

NAG and NAM

Question 42

Process of joining the peptidoglycan monomer to form a chain

Answer 42

Transglycosylation

Question 43

The size of the glycopeptide can penetrate with the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria? TRUE or FALSE?

Answer 43

FALSE

Question 44

What is the enzyme responsible for Transglycosylation?

Answer 44

Transglycosylase

Question 45

Example of glycopeptides?

Answer 45

Vancomycin, Telavancin

Question 46

Example of Lipoglycopeptides

Answer 46

Telavancin

Question 47

This Glycopeptides and lipoglycopeptides derives from what bacteria?

Answer 47

Acinetobacteria

Question 48

Gram positive bacteria including MRSA is the spectrum of this drug?

Answer 48

Glycopeptides and Lipoglycopeptides

Question 49

NOTE: Vancomycin treatment when used longer thn 3days should be monitored

Question 50

Binding and Disruption of cell membrane

Answer 50

Lipopeptides

Question 51

Lipopeptides is derived from what bacteria?

Answer 51

Streptomyces roseosporus bacillus polymyxa

Question 52

What is the spectrum of activities for lipopeptides?

Answer 52

Gram positive (Res in beta lactams and glycopeptides) Gram negative (Polymyxin B and Colistin)