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Clinical pathology > Principles of biochemical tests > Flashcards

Principles of biochemical tests Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What is in plama but not in serum?

A

Fibrinogen - it is used in the clotting process

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2
Q

What parameters can haemolysis of a blood sample cause?

A

ALT, ALP, CK, and phosphate

Can also cause small increases in K+ but only really relevant in species with RBCs that have high K+ levels like Akitas and Shiba Inus

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3
Q

Lipaemic sample

A

Serum/plasma is white and cloudy

Occurs post-prandially or in disorders associated with high circulating lipids

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4
Q

Icteric blood sample

A

Serum/plasma is yellow

Due to increased concentrations of bilirubin pigments in the blood

Usually pahtological unless in a horse - associated with fasting

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5
Q

Effects of delayed serum separation (>1hr)

A

Increased potassium

Decreased glucose and total calcium

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6
Q

Effects of EDTA contamination

A

Increased potassium

Decreased calcium

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7
Q

Effects of young age on biochem

A

Increased serum calcium, phosphate, and ALP due to bone growth and GH

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8
Q

Impact of stress/excitement on biochem

A

Increased serum glucose

Chronic stress induces increased production of ALP

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9
Q

Effects of steroids on biochem results

A

Increases serum ALP and lipase
Increases serum glucose

Decreases serum amylase activity

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10
Q

Effects of KBr on biochem results

A

Increases serum chloride levels (bromide ions mistaken for chloride)

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11
Q

Effects of phenobarbitone on biochem results

A

Increases serum ALT and ALP
Increases serum cholesterol

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12
Q

Biochemical markers of renal damage

A

None

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13
Q

Functional renal parameters

A

Creatinine, Urea, USG

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14
Q

Biochemical markers of hepatocellular damage

A

ALT, AST (small animals)

SDH, GLDH, AST (horses and farm animals)

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15
Q

Functional hepatocellular parameters

A

Total bilirubin, bile acids, ammonia, albumin, urea, cholesterol

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16
Q

Biochemical markers of biliary damage

A

ALP, GGT

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17
Q

Functional biliary parameters

A

None

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18
Q

Biochemical markers of pancreatic (acinar) damage

A

Lipase, amylase

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19
Q

Functional pancreatic (acinar) parameters

A

Trypsin like immunoreactivity (TLI)

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20
Q

Biochemical markers of cardiac damage

A

Troponin-I

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21
Q

Functional cardiac parameters

A

NTproBNP

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22
Q

Biochemical markers of muscle damage

A

CK, AST

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23
Q

Functional muscle parameters

A

None

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24
Q

Biochemical markers of small intestinal damage

25
Functional small intestinal parameters
Folate, cobalamin, albumin
26
What is normally concentrated urine USG?
>1.030 - 1.035
27
What does azotaemia tell you about renal function?
Concentrations are inversely proportional to GFR Insensitive as also affected by dehydration, heart disease, and high protein intake
28
What can cause increases in hepatocellular an/or biliary damage markers?
Damage to liver or biliary cells (reversible or irreversible) As a result of enzyme iniduction Pathology within neighbouring organs e.g. pancreas Old age can lead to mild elevations
29
Influence of insulin on blood glucose
Lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and utilisation
30
Influence of glucagon on blood glucose
Increases blood glucose by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
31
Influence of catecholamines on blood glucose
Primarily inhibit insulin therefore increasing blood glucose
32
Influence of cortisol on blood glucose
Inhibits insulin action therefore increasing blood glucose
33
Causes of hyperglycaemia
Physiological Reduced insulin production Reduced insulin activity (resistance) Pharmacological
34
Causes of physiological hyperglycaemia
Stress (increased cortisol) Excitement (increased catecholamines) Post-prandial
35
Causes of reduced insulin production (leading to hyperglycaemia)
Diabetes mellitus
36
Causes of reduced insulin activity (insulin resistance) leading to hyperglycaemia
Hyperadrenocorticism Equine metabolic syndrome
37
Causes of pharmacological hyperglycaemia
Ketamine Xylazine Detomidine
38
Definition of hypoglycaemia
Blood glucose concentration <3mmol/L
39
Clinical signs of hypoglycaemia
Vague behavioural changes Collapse Seizures Neurological deficits
40
Differential diagnoses for hypoglycaemia
Pseudohypoglycaemia Increased insulin secretion/activity Decreased insulin antagonsim Increased glucose utilisation Decreased gluconeogenesis
41
Cause of pseudohypoglycaemia
Delayed serum separation
42
Causes of increased insulin secretion/activity
Insulinoma (insulin secreting tumour) Insulin overdose Xylitol toxicity
43
Causes of decreased insulin antagonism
Hypoadrenocorticism - reduced endogenous cortisol production
44
Causes of increased glucose utilisation
Sepsis (bacterial utilisation) Neoplasia
45
Causes of decreased gluconeogenesis
Liver dysfunction Very young animals that have been starved
46
Where are lipids in the blood derived from?
Dietary lipids Liver derived lipids
47
Dietary lipids
Mainly triglycerides which are hydrolysed in the intestine by pancreatic lipases Then absorbed by small intestine and packed with proteins to form chylomicrons
48
Liver derived lipids
Hepatocytes produce cholesterol and triglycerides which are combined with proteins to form the lipoprotein complexes VLDL and HDL
49
How are lipids removed from circulation?
Lipoprotein lipases Hydrolyse lipoproteins to release fatty acids
50
What will enhance lipoprotein lipase activity (increase lipid breakdown)?
Insulin and thyroxine
51
Which hormones enhance the liberation of fatty acids from triglycerides?
Cortisol, adrenaline, glucagon
52
What are the most commonly used markers of lipid metabolism?
Cholesterol and triglycerides
53
What can severe hyperlipidaemia in horses cause?
>5.7mmol/L can lead to hepatic lipidosis and liver damage/dysfunction
54
What are the main causes of hyperlipidaemia?
Increase cholesterol/TG production Decreased lipolysis Decreased excretion in bile Primary hyperlipidaemia
55
Causes of increased cholesterol/triglyceride production
Post prandial NEB in horses Hyperadrenocorticism
56
Causes of decreased lipolysis
Hypothyroidism Diabetes mellitus PLN
57
Causes of decreased excretion of lipids in bile
Pancreatitis Cholestasis
58
Causes of primary hyperlipidaemia
Associated with certain breeds (Schnauzers, Briards, and others)

Clinical pathology (9 decks)

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