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Principles of Blood Flow Flashcards

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1
Q

Stages 1-4 of blood flow and types of pressure

A

1: steady laminar flow in rigid vessels with static driving pressure
2. high Reynold’s number flow (turbulence) with dynamic pressure
3. elastic vessel walls with pulsatile pressure
4. microcirculation with diffusion pressure

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2
Q

flow in series VS in parallel and where such things are the case

A

series: Q1=Q2=Q3… - in organ systems
parallel: Q=Q1+Q2 (if Q1 and Q2 are in parallel) - in general circulation

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3
Q

why the parallel architecture of circulatory system permits redistribution of blood flow

A
  1. rate of blood flow to each tissue is almost always recisely controlled by tissue need
  2. cardiac output is controlled mainly by sum of all local tissue flows
  3. arterial pressure regulation is generally independent of either local blood flow or cardiac output control
  4. blood is redistributed by adjustment of resistances (precapillary sphincters and arterioles) prior to capillary beds
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4
Q

blood to which organs increase/decrease during exercise?

A

increase: lungs, heart, brain, bone, muscle
decrease: digestive organs, kidneys

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5
Q

how does linear velocity vary with X-sectional area change?

A

linear velocity varies inversely as X-sectional area increases
v = Q/A

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6
Q

what is the general cardiac output?

A

5 L/minute

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7
Q

transit time

A

time required for a blood cell to travel between 2 points in the system
-t = length/velocity = volume/flow

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8
Q

blood as a fluid (approximations)

A

steady flow of incompressible fluids in rigid, straight, cylindrical tubes (good except for smaller vessels)

  • not always true: flow is laminar with no slippage at wall, and viscosity is constant across diameter of vessel
  • -in reality, they don’t slide past each other (stay in adjascent paths) but NOT so at boundary of vessel
  • -also, viscosity is highest at the borders
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9
Q

is blood compressible or incompressible?

A

incompressible

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10
Q

where does resistance to blood flow come from?

A
  1. walls of the vessel (drag)
  2. viscosity of the blood

both are frictional forces

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11
Q

what does mean linear velocity equal in regards to peak velocity?

A

MLV = 1/2 peak velocity

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12
Q

what is the major physiological variable that determines resistance to blood flow?

A

radius of blood vessels (mostly arterioles), then viscosity

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13
Q

relationship between temperature and viscosity

A

temperature is inversely related to viscosity (so colder = more viscous, less blood flow)
-vasoconstriction supplements temperature by reducing blood flow

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14
Q

relationship between pressure drop and radius, viscosity

A

the larger the radius, the smaller the pressure drop (inverse relationship)
the more viscous, the larger the pressure drop

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15
Q

turbulent flow

A

laminar flow that breaks down when velocity reaches critical point (for Re>3000; between 2000-3000 is transitional period)
-causes significant losses of kinetic energy

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16
Q

viscosity

A

measure of intermolecular attractions in liquid

  • determines steepness of velocity gradient
  • NOT density
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17
Q

Reynolds Number (Re)

A

Re = disruptive forces/cohesive forces

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18
Q

4 factors that generate pressure

A
  1. gravity
  2. compliance of vessels
  3. viscous resistance
  4. inertia
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19
Q

murmurs

A

audible sounds due to vibrations in heart or vessel walls (also called “bruit”)
-don’t occur under resting conditions

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20
Q

how does gravity affect blood pressure?

A

adds or subtracts from pressure generated by heart

  • exists whether or not the heart is beating
  • doesn’t affect flow of blood in circuit of distensible vessels b/c gravitational pressure in arteries is exactly counter-balanced by same gravitational pressure at same level in corresponding veins
  • does affect distribution of blood throughout system of distensible vessels
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21
Q

conclusions from Bernouli effect

A
  1. as velocity decreases, dynamic pressure becomes smaller fraction of total pressure
  2. as vessel radius narrows, dynamic component increases significantly
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22
Q

sheer stress

A

created by flowing blood on endothelial wall directed along long axis of vessel
-sheer stress on vessel wall is proportional to viscosity and shear rate (rate at which axial velocity changes from wall to lumen)

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23
Q

Poiseuille flow

A

sheer stress is directly proportional to viscosity and flow rate, and inversely proportional to cube of vessel radius
-measured in units of pressure

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24
Q

anomalous viscosity of blood

A

increase in viscosity at low flow rate (blood is non-newtonian, so viscosity changes)
-at low flow rates, rouleaux form, creating higher resistance

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25
what does "to yield shear stress" mean?
blood behaves anomalously, meaning at low flow rates they need a threshold force to get moving
26
what does blood viscosity depend on?
1. fibrinogen (increased clots) 2. hematocrit 3. vessel radius (at diameters less than 0.3 mm, viscosity decreases) 4. velocity (higher flow = lower viscosity) 5. temperature (colder = higher viscosity)
27
Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect
at tube diameters less than 0.3 mm (arterioles, capillaries, venules) the apparent viscosity of blood decreases -due to axial streaming (RBC accumulate in rapidly flowing axial lamina)
28
does plasma/saline viscosity depend on tube diameter?
no, they are independent
29
plasma skimming
tendency of cell-free plasma to be skimmed off at a branch point of microcirculation -cause altered hematocrit in small vessels
30
how do the structure and function of microcirculation differ in different tissues?
1. nutritional source and waste removal in most vascular beds 2. filtration in renal glomeruli 3. thermoregulation in skin
31
where do microcirculatory circuits extend from?
from an arteriole to a venule - arterioles are surrounded by single layer of vascular smooth muscle cells - venules are surrounded by discontinuous layer of vascular smooth muscle cells
32
precapillary sphincters
control local flow w/in capillary network | -not innervated, but responsive to local conditions of O2, CO2, acidity
33
meta-arterioles
provide shunt that bypasses capillary network (not present in all tissues)
34
continuous capillaries
most common, with interendothelial junctions 10-15 nm wide | -absent in brain capillaries, which have narrow tight junctions that form blood-brain-barrier
35
fenestrated capillaries
surround exocrine glands or epithelial membranes like in small intestine -endothelial cells have conduits that permit flow of fluid and solutes across capillary endothelial membrane
36
discontinuous capillaries
in liver sinusoids | -have fenestrations and large gaps between endothelial cells
37
how are substances carried between organs w/in cardiovascular system?
``` convective transport (carried with flow of blood) -transport rate of X = flow rate * concentration of X =flow of O2 in arteries = CO * arterial O2 content ```
38
what are the only 2 methods to alter rate at which a substance is carried to an organ?
1. change flow rate through organ (like CO) | 2. change arterial concentration
39
FICK principle | -what is the transcapillary efflux rate, and what does it mean if transcapillary efflux rate is negative?
tissue rate of utilization or production of substance X measured from transport rate in and out of the tissue (transcapillary efflux rate = Q * (arterial X - venous X)) --if TER of a substance is negative, then the tissue is producing it
40
what 4 factors determine diffusion rate of a substance between blood and interstitial fluid?
1. concentration difference 2. surface area for exchange 3. diffusion distance 4. permeability of capillary wall to diffusing substance
41
osmotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure needed to balance movement of solute
42
what is the total osmotic pressure of normal plasma?
5000 mmHg
43
what are the 4 pressures of capillary fluid balance?
1. capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc; drives out of capillary) 2. interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif; drives out of capillary) 3. capillary osmotic pressure (Pi c; drives inside capillary) 4. interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (Pi if; drives into capillary)
44
what is the net pressure equation?
Pnet = (Pc - Pif) - (Pi c - Pi if) = net hydrostatic pressure - net osmotic pressure
45
what does a positive hydrostatic pressure difference mean?
drives a positive flow of water out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid space
46
what does a positive osmotic pressure difference mean?
drives a negative flow of water into the capillaries from the interstitial fluid space
47
hydraulic conductivity
constant of proportionality that relates the amount of flow to net driving force -also called net filtration pressure, which is the difference between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure differences
48
what is net capillary flow proportional to? and what is its equation?
Jv is proportional to filtration pressure Jv = Lp * Pnet Lp = hydraulic conductivity
49
what does high Pc (capillary hydrostatic pressure) favor?
filtration | -higher in renal glomeruli (50 mmHg), lower in capillaries (5-15 mmHg, so no filtration or pulmonary edema)
50
effect of arteriolar dilation or venular constriction
increases capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) - resistance post > resistance pre - drives water out of capillaries, promoting edema (tracks Pa)
51
effect of arteriolar constriction or venular dilation
decreases capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) - resistance pre > resistance post - favors absorption of fluid back into capillaries (tracks Pv)
52
what is total osmotic pressure of plasma due to?
both salts and proteins - higher concentrations of PRO in plasma is primary factor - colloid osmotic pressure of plasma is due to PRO + excess salt caused by Gibbs Donnan effect by PRO
53
what is oncotic pressure
portion of the solutions total osmotic pressure that is due to particles that do not move freely across the membrane
54
what is interstitum made of?
both solid and liquid phases, with only a small fraction of water "free" to move
55
where is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure positive and negative?
+ rigid enclosed compartments (BM, brain) and encapsulated organs (kidney); drives fluid absorption - loose tissue (drives tissue filtration)
56
what is interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure sensitive to?
addition of fluids to interstitial compartment - leads to disruption of solid phase collagen fibers and proteoglycan gel - especially true in loose subcutaneous tissue, that can accommodate edema fluid
57
low and high compliance systems
low: if add interstitial fluid, raise Pif, opposing further filtration high: if add interstitial fluid, some tissues can accommodate large volume of edmatous fluid w/o rise in pressure
58
Starling forces along a capillary
predicts filtration at arteriolar end (b/c hydrostatic > osmotic), and absorption at venular end (b/c osmotic > hydrostatic) of most capillary beds, since Pc falls along length of capillary -
59
net filtration per day
2-4 L/day from plasma to interstitium (neglecting renal glomular filtration) - total capillary filtration: 20 L/day at arteriolar ends - total absorption: 16-18 L/day at venular ends
60
what are initial lymphatics similar to?
similar to capillaries, but with primary one-way lymph valves
61
what are collecting lymphatics similar to?
small veins with sparse smooth muscle and secondary lymph valves - lymph nodes are located along the path - large collecting lymphatics drain into right and left subclavian veins
62
what is pulmonary edema caused by?
left heart failure (CHF), pulmonary HTN
63
what is edema in lower extremities and abdominal viscera caused by?
right heart failure
64
ascites
fluid from hepatic and interstitial capillaries moves from interstitum to peritoneal cavity
65
what is peripheral edema caused by?
liver disease and inappropriate secretion of ADH by lung tumors (SIADH) -liver disease also causes hypoalbuminemia
66
what does lymphatic blockage cause?
malignant neoplasms that cause local edema upstream of sites of blockage

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