Principles of Immunisation

Question 1

What is the immune system you are born with?

Answer 1

Innate/specifc

Question 2

What is the immune system you develop?

Answer 2

Adaptive also known as acquired

Question 3

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 3

• Active
• Passive

Question 4

Describe active immunity

Answer 4

Infection or exposure to pathogen/immunisation and vaccine

Question 5

Describe passive immunity

Answer 5

When a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.

Placental transfer of igG/Colostral transfer of IgA / immunoglobulin therapy

Question 6

What is a vaccination?

Answer 6

The administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individuals immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen

Question 7

What is natural passive immunity?

Answer 7

Placental transfer of IgG/Colostral transfer of IgA / immunoglobulin therapy

Question 8

What is normal human immunoglobulin?

Answer 8

A preparation of the proteins from the plasma contains anitbodies of normal adult levels from several different donors.

Question 9

What is specific human immunoglobulin?

Answer 9

A preparation from the human plasma that is selected for its particularly high immunoglobulin count against a specific pathogen.

Question 10

What can immunoglobulins be used for?

Answer 10

Post - exposure prophylaxis

Question 11

What can human-specific immunoglobulin be used for?

Answer 11

Hep B
Rabies
Tetanus

Question 12

What are the advantages of passive immunity?

Answer 12

Immediate protection

Question 13

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity?

Answer 13

Short term effect
No immunological memory

Question 14

What is an example of natural immunisation?

Answer 14

Exposure/infection

Question 15

What is an example of active immunisation?

Answer 15

Vaccine

Question 16

What immunoglobulin is responsible for the primary response to infection?

Answer 16

IgM then IgG

Question 17

Define contraindications

Answer 17

Procedure harmful to the person

Question 18

What are the contraindications of vaccination?

Answer 18

Febrile illness

Pregnancy - cannot be given live attenuated viruses

Allergy

Immunocompromised

Question 19

What are the types of vaccines available for active immunity?

Answer 19

Live attenuated vaccine
Whole killed vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
Conjugate vaccine

Question 20

Describe live attenuated vaccines and give an example

Answer 20

Contain whole bacteria or viruses which have been “weakened”(attenuated) so that they create a protective immune response but do not cause disease in healthy people.

Give long and strong-lasting immunity

MMR, shingles, chickenpox

Question 21

Why are live attenuated vaccines not recommended for people with a compromised immune system?

Answer 21

Weakened version of disease has the ability to multiply and become active versions of the disease

Question 22

How is attenuation of a live virus achieved?

Answer 22

Repeat passage in cell culture or a non-human host.

Question 23

Why do attenuated viruses offer lifelong immunity?

Answer 23

They elicit a strong cellular and antibody response

Question 24

Which microorganism allows easy/difficult formation of an attenuated vaccine?

Answer 24

Easy for viruses
Difficult for bacteria

Question 25

How are inactivated vaccines created?

Answer 25

Killing the disease causing microbe with chemicals (formaldehyde), heat or radiation

Question 26

What is the advantage eof inactivated vaccines?

Answer 26

More stable and safer than live vaccines

Question 27

What are the disadvantages of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 27

Not as effective

Question 28

Describe killed whole organism vaccines

Answer 28

Target organism is heat killed Booster shots are likely required

Question 29

Describe attenuated whole organisms

Answer 29

An avirulent strain of target organism is isolated Can reverse back into virulent form and hence not given to immunocompromised or at risk Needed to be refrigerated

Question 30

What are the 2 types of subunit vaccines?

Answer 30

Recombinant vaccines Toxoid (modified toxin)

Question 31

Describe recombinant vaccines

Answer 31

Very safe Easy to standardise Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant

Question 32

Describe toxoid vaccines

Answer 32

Use a toxin made by the germ that causes a disease. Create immunity to the parts of the germ that cause a disease instead of the germ itself. Immune response is targeted to the toxin instead of the whole germ.

Question 33

What is herd immunity?

Answer 33

When a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune to an infection, whether through previous infections or vaccination, thereby reducing the likelihood of infection for individuals who lack immunity.

Question 34

What is the aim of herd immunity?

Answer 34

To protect individuals who cannot receive the vaccine

Question 35

What vaccinations do babies get at week 8?

Answer 35

6-in-1 vaccine Rotavirus MenB

Question 36

What conditions are children protected by when they have the 6 in 1 vaccine?

Answer 36

Diphtheria Hepatitis B Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b) Polio Tetanus Whooping cough (pertussis)

Question 37

What does the MenB vaccine protect babies from?

Answer 37

The MenB vaccine will protect your baby against infection by meningococcal group B bacteria.

Question 38

What does the rotavirus vaccine protect babies from?

Answer 38

Rotavirus infection

Question 39

What vaccines do babies get at week 12?

Answer 39

6-in-1 vaccine (2nd dose) Rotavirus (2nd dose) PCV vaccine

Question 40

What does the PCV vaccine protect against?

Answer 40

The pneumococcal vaccine protects against serious and potentially fatal pneumococcal infections. It's also known as the pneumonia vaccine.

Question 41

What vaccines do babies get at week 16?

Answer 41

6-in-1 vaccine (3rd dose) Rotavirus (3rd dose)

Question 42

What vaccines do babies get when they turn one?

Answer 42

Hib/MenC (1st dose) MMR (1st dose) Pneumococcal (PCV) vaccine (2nd dose) MenB (3rd dose)

Question 43

What does the Hib/MenC vaccine protect against?

Answer 43

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and meningitis C.

Question 44

What vaccine do children get at 3 years and 4 months?

Answer 44

MMR (2nd dose) 4-in-1 pre-school booster

Question 45

What does the 4-in-1 preschool vaccine protect against?

Answer 45

Diphtheria Tetanus Whooping cough Polio

Question 46

What vaccine do children get from aged 2 to 10?

Answer 46

Flu vaccine

Question 47

What vaccine do children ages 12 an 13 get?

Answer 47

HPV vaccine

Question 48

What does the HPV vaccine protect against?

Answer 48

The HPV vaccine helps protect against cancers caused by HPV, including: cervical cancer some mouth and throat (head and neck) cancers some cancers of the anal and genital areas It also helps protect against genital warts.

Question 49

What vaccines do 14 year olds get?

Answer 49

3-in-1 teenage booster MenACWY

Question 50

What does the 3-in-1 teenage booster protect against?

Answer 50

Tetanus, diphtheria and polio.

Question 51

What does the MenACWY vaccine protect against?

Answer 51

The meningitis ACWY (MenACWY) vaccine helps protect against meningitis and septicaemia (blood poisoning) caused by 4 groups of meningococcal bacteria: A, C, W and Y.

Question 52

What 14 vaccines could be offered to people who travel?

Answer 52

Cholera Diphtheria Hep A Hep B Japanese encephalitis Meningococcal meningitis MMR Polio Rabies Tetanus Tick-bone encephalitis Tuberculosis (TB) Typhoid Yellow fever