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Principles of Disease > Principles of Immunisation > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What can adaptive immunity be referred to as

A

Acquired immunity

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2
Q

What are the advantages of passive immunity

A

Provides immediate protection

Acts as a quick fix

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunity

A

No immunological memory
May cause serum sickness
Graft (cell graft) vs host disease

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4
Q

What is serum sickness

A

The incoming antibody is recognised as a foreign antigen by the recipient and results in anaphylaxis

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5
Q

What is graft vs host disease

A

The incoming immune cells reject the recipient

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6
Q

Describe the process of passive immunity

A

Serum (antbodies) from immune individual administered to uninfected individual
infection challenged by serum admiistered

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7
Q

Does passive immunity provide specificity

A

Yes

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8
Q

Describe the process of active immunity

A

Exposure to microbial antigen through a vaccine or infection

Infection challenged over days or weeks

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9
Q

What does active immunity provide

A

Specificity

Immunological memory

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10
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunity

A

Maternal immunoglobulins transferred to the foetus or neonate naturally using a specialised mechanism involving neonatal Fc receptors

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11
Q

What is an example of artificial passive immunity

A

The passive infusion of antibodies specific for the toxin (e.g. snake/spider bites or scorpion/fish stings)

Post-exposure prophylaxis

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12
Q

How does natural active immunity occur

A

Through exposure or infection

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13
Q

How does artificial active immunity occur

A

Through vaccination

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14
Q

Define vaccination

A

Administration of antigenic material (vaccine) to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen

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15
Q

What are common diseases vaccinated against

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

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16
Q

What can measles result in

A

Rash

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17
Q

What can mumps lead to

A

Meningitis

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18
Q

Name the types of active immunisation vaccines available

A

Killed (inactivated) whole organism
Live attenuated whole organism
Subunit (purified antigen) vaccine
Toxoid (modified inactivated toxin)

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19
Q

Describe the killed (inactivated) whole organism vaccine

A

The target organism (e.g. polio) is killed

Viruses must be effectively heat killed as any live virus can result in vaccine-related disease

20
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of killed (inactivated) whole organism vaccines

A

Effective and relatively easy to manufacture

Booster shots likely to be required

21
Q

Give examples of killed (inactivated) whole organism vaccines

A

Whole-cell pertussis (wP)

Inactivated polio virus (IPV)

22
Q

Describe live attenuated whole organism vaccines

A

An avirulent strain of the target organism is isolated to stimulate the natural infection causing it to revert back to the virulent form

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of live attenuated whole organism

A

Very powerful method
Better than killed whole organism vaccine

Requires vaccination

24
Q

Give examples of live attenuated whole organism

A 
TB (BCG)
Measles
Rotavirus
Yellow fever
Oral polio vaccine (OPV)
25
Q

Describe subunit (purified antigen) vaccines

A

Uses recombinant proteins

Therefore it introduces the antigen to the immune system but not the viral particles

26
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of subunit (purified antigen) vaccines

A

Very safe
Easy to standardise

Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant

27
Q

Give examples of subunit (purified antigen) vaccines

A

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
Human papilloma virus (HPV) proteins
Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)

28
Q

Describe toxoid (modified inactivated toxin) vaccines

A

The toxin is treated with formalin so the toxoid can retain antigenicity with no toxin activity

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of toxoid (modified inactivated toxin) vaccines

A

It only provides immunity against the toxin and not the organism that produces it

30
Q

Give examples of toxoid (modified inactivated toxin) vaccines

A 
Tetanus toxoid (TT)
Diphtheria toxoid
31
Q

At the age of 2 months (in babies) what vaccinations are required

A 
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Haemophilis influenzae type b
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Rotavirus
32
Q

At the age of 12-13 months what vaccinations are required

A

Haemophilis influenzae type b
Neisseria meningitidis C
MMR
Streptococcus pneumoniae

33
Q

At the age of 3 months (in babies) what vaccinations are required

A 
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Haemophilis influenzae type b
Rotavirus
Neisseria meningitidis C
34
Q

At the age of 4 months (in babies) what vaccinations are required

A 
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
Haemophilis influenzae type b
Streptococcus pneumoniae
35
Q

What vaccination is required at the age to 2/3/4 years

A

Influenza

36
Q

What vaccinations are required >3 years 4 months

A 
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
Polio
MMR
37
Q

What vaccine do females only get between the age of 12-13

A

HPV

38
Q

What vaccinations are given between the ages of 13-18

A

Diphtheria
Tetanus
Polio
Neisseria meningitidis C

39
Q

Who is given the BCG vaccination

A

Children who are more likely to come into contact with TB

40
Q

Who is given the hepatitis B vaccination

A

Children with a Hep B positive mother

41
Q

What vaccinations may travellers need to be given

A 
Hepititis A
Typhoid
Cholera
Yellow fever
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Rabies
Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W135, Y
42
Q

What types of contraindications to vaccinations are there

A

Temporary

Permanent

43
Q

Name 2 temporary contraindications to vaccinations

A

Febrile illness

Pregnancy (cannot be given live attenuated vaccines)

44
Q

Name 2 permanent contraindications to vaccinations

A

Allergy

Immunocompromised (cannot be given live attenuated vaccines as they may develop disease from the vaccine strain)

45
Q

What is herd immunity

A

The individual who receives the vaccine is protected and less likely to be a source of infection to others

This reduces the risk of unvaccinated individuals being exposed to infection

Individuals who cannot be vaccinated are still able to benefit from the routine vaccination programme

46
Q

Give an example of herd immunity

A

Babies under 2 months are too young to be immunised and are at the greatest risk of dying from whooping cough

They are believed to be protected as their older sibling and other children have been immunised and will not be able to pass on the infection

Principles of Disease (41 decks)

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