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Infectious Agents > Principles of Immunisation > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two modes of acquiring immunity?

A

Active

Passive

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2
Q

What can active and passive acquired immunisation be broken down to?

A

Natural

Artifical

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3
Q

In passive immunity, what are the 2 natural process?

A

Placental transfer of IgG

Colostral transfer of IgA

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4
Q

In passive immunity, what are the 2 artificial processes?

A

Treatment with immunoglobulin

Immune cells

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5
Q

What 4 diseases are affected by Human Normal Immunoglobulin (HNIG)?

A

Hep A
Measles
Polio
Rubella

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6
Q

What 4 diseases are affected by specific immunoglobulins?

A

Hep B
Rabies
Tetanus
Varicella-Zoster Virus

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7
Q

What is the advantage of passive immunity?

A

Gives immediate protection.

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8
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of passive immunity?

A

Short term effect
Serum sickness
Graft versus host disease

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9
Q

In active immunisation, what is the natural process?

A

Exposure/infection

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10
Q

In active immunisation, what is the artificial process?

A

Vaccination

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11
Q

What stimulates immune response in active immunisation?

A

Antigen

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12
Q

Define vaccination.

A

Administration of antigenic material to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.

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13
Q

What are three common diseases which are vaccinated against?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

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14
Q

What are the 2 temporary contraindications of vaccination?

A

Febrile Illness

Pregnancy

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15
Q

What are the 2 permanent contraindications of vaccination?

A

Allergy

Immunocompromised

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16
Q

What are vaccines designed to do?

A

Fool your body into thinking it has the disease you want to vaccinate against.

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17
Q

What do antigens stimulate?

A

The production of antibodies.

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18
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Bind to the foreign organism and leads to the destruction.

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19
Q

What happens when a foreign organism is destructed?

A

Memory B cells are formed.

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20
Q

What are too dangerous to be used as vaccines?

A

Live, virulent organisms.

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21
Q

What is live attenuated vaccines?

A

Attenuation (weakening) of a pathogenic organism by repeated passage in cell-culture or a non-human host.

22
Q

What is the downside to live, attenuated vaccines?

A

Possibility that an attenuated microbe could revert to a virulent form and cause disease.

23
Q

Who cannot be given live, attenuated vaccines?

A

People who have damaged or weakened immune systems.

24
Q

Which viruses can be made easily for live, attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR, BCG, Polio, Varicella and Yellow Fever.

25
Q

How are inactivated vaccines produced?

A

Killing the disease-causing microbe with chemicals, heat or radiation.

26
Q

What is the advantage of inactivated vaccines?

A

More stable and safer than live vaccines.

27
Q

What is the disadvantage of inactivated vaccines?

A

Most stimulate a weaker immune system response than live vaccines.

28
Q

How will a person’s immunity be maintained with an inactivated vaccine?

A

Several booster shots.

29
Q

What are the 4 examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

Bubonic Plague
Typhoid
Hep A
Rabies

30
Q

How are acellular vaccines used?

A

Use only the antigenic part of the disease causing organism.

31
Q

What is the disadvantage of acellular vaccines?

A

Don’t induce the strongest immune responses and may require a booster.

32
Q

What is the advantage of acellular vaccines?

A

Cannot cause disease so safe for immunocompromised patients.

33
Q

When is a toxoid vaccine used?

A

When a bacterial toxin is the main cause of illness.

34
Q

What are toxins inactivated by?

A

Treatment with formalin.

35
Q

Where toxins are safe for use in vaccines?

A

“Detoxified”

36
Q

What does the immune system do during toxoid vaccines?

A

It learns how to fight off the natural toxin by producing antibodies that lock onto and block the toxin.

37
Q

What diseases are treated by toxoid vaccines?

A

Tetanus

38
Q

What vaccines use related organisms?

A

BCG (vaccinated against Mycobacterium bovis to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis).

39
Q

What is a subunit vaccine?

A

Includes only the antigens that best stimulate the immune system.

40
Q

Chances of adverse reactions are high/low in subunit vaccine.

A

Low

41
Q

How many antigens can a subunit vaccine carry?

A

Anywhere from 1 to 20.

42
Q

What does a conjugate vaccine do?

A

Links antigens or toxoids from the microbe than an infant’s immune system can recognise to the polysaccharide outer coating.

43
Q

What diseases does conjugate vaccines cover?

A

Hep B
Hib
Petussis
HPV

44
Q

What do DNA vaccines use?

A

Genetic material

45
Q

What do DNA vaccines evoke a strong antibody response to?

A

Free-floating antigens, secreted by cells.

46
Q

DNA vaccines can/can not cause the disease.

A

Can not.

47
Q

What diseases are DNA vaccines currently being tested on in humans?

A

Influenza

Herpes

48
Q

Define adjuvants.

A

A substance which enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen.

49
Q

What adjuvant is commonly used in humans?

A

Aluminium salts.

50
Q

What is the primary aim of vaccination?

A

Protect the individual who receives the vaccination.

51
Q

Who can herd immunity aid?

A

People who cannot get the vaccination for numerous reasons such as age, allergy, immunocompromised.

Infectious Agents (16 decks)

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