principles of immunisation week 5

Question 1

what is something that the measles virus can do

Answer 1

can wipe out the memory response associated with the adaptive immune system

Question 2

what are the two types of immunity

Answer 2

adaptive (active/passive)

innate

Question 3

what are the advantages of passive immunity

Answer 3

• gives immediate protection

Question 4

what are the disadvantages of passive immunity

Answer 4

• short term effect (no immunological memory)
• serum sickness (incoming antibody seen as foreign and results in anaphylaxis)
• graft vs. host disease (cell grafts only, incoming immune cells reject the recipient)

Question 5

what are some examples of passive immunity

Answer 5

• placental transfer of IgG
• colostral transfer of IgA
• immunoglobulin therapy or immune cells

Question 6

what is active immunity

Answer 6

• part of adaptive immunity
• antigen stimulates immune response
• long term immunity (may be life long )
• immunological memory
• no immediate effect but faster and better response to next antigenic encounter

Question 7

what is vaccination

Answer 7

the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen

Question 8

what are the different types of vaccines

Answer 8

1. live attenuated (LAV)
2. inactivated (killed antigen)
3. toxoid (inactivated toxins)
4. subunit (purified antigen)

Question 9

what is inactivated (killed whole organism) vaccine

Answer 9

• grow up the virus, treat it, then it’s dead but still immunogenic
• effective and relatively easy to manufacture
• booster shots likely required
• virus must be heat killed effectively because any live virus can result in vaccine related disease

Question 10

what is live attenuated vaccine

Answer 10

• avirulent strain of target organism is isolated
• can be powerful and better than killed
• stimulate natural infection
• in some circumstances it can revert back to more virulent form of disease
• requires refrigeration

Question 11

what are subunit vaccines

Answer 11

• recombinant proteins
• generally very safe
• easy to standardise
• not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant

Question 12

what is a toxoid vaccine

Answer 12

• modified toxin
• toxin is treated with formalin
• toxoid retains antigenicity but has no toxic activity
• only induces immunity against the toxin, not the organism that produces it

Question 13

what are some examples of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 13

• tuberculosis
• oral polio vaccine
• measles
• rotavirus
• yellow fever

Question 14

what are some examples of inactivated (killed antigen) vaccines

Answer 14

• whole cell pertussis (wP)(whooping cough)

- inactivated polio virus (IPV)

Question 15

what are some examples of subunit vaccines

Answer 15

• Hep B
• acellular pertussis
• haemophilus influenzae type B
• pneumococcal

Question 16

what are some examples of toxoid vaccine

Answer 16

• tetanus toxoid

- diphtheria toxoid

Question 17

what vaccines do you get at 2 months old

Answer 17

diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophilia influenzae type b, streptococcus pneumoniae, rotavirus

Question 18

what vaccines do you get at 3 months old

Answer 18

diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophilis influenzae type b, neisseria meningitidis C, rotavirus

Question 19

what vaccines do you get at 4 months old

Answer 19

diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haemophilis influenza type b, streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 20

what vaccines do you get at 12-13 months old

Answer 20

haemophilis influenzae type b, neisseria meningitidis C, measles, mumps, rubella, streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 21

what vaccine do you get at 2, 3 or 4 years old

Answer 21

influenza

Question 22

what vaccines do you get over the age 3 years 4 months

Answer 22

diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, rubella

Question 23

what vaccines do you get aged 12-13 years old

Answer 23

HPV (females only)

Question 24

what vaccines do you get aged 13-18 years old

Answer 24

diphtheria, tetanus, polio, neisseria meningitidis C

Question 25

what are some non routine vaccines at birth

Answer 25

tuberculosis
hep B (if mother is positive)

Question 26

what are some vaccines that travellers may need

Answer 26

hepatitis A, typhoid, neisseria meningitidis serogroups (A, C, W135, Y), cholera, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, rabies

Question 27

what are temporary contra-indications of vaccination

Answer 27

• febrile illnesses (illnesses with fevers)

- pregnancy (cannot be given live attenuated vaccines)

Question 28

what are some permanent contra-indications of vaccination

Answer 28

• allergy

- immunocompromised (cannot be given live attenuated)

Question 29

what is herd immunity

Answer 29

vaccinated individuals less likely to be a source of infection to others
this reduces risk of unvaccinated individuals being exposed to infection

Question 30

what is antigenic shift

Answer 30

• a challenge facing vaccines
• co-infection of host with the virus allows genetic reassortment that give rise to novel antigenically distinct virus particles
• antigenic drift arises from point mutations

Question 31

what is the cold chain network

Answer 31

purpose of vaccine ‘cold chain’ is to maintain product quality from the time of manufacture until the point of administration by ensuring vaccines are stored and transported within WHO recommended temperature ranges

Question 32

what is a conjugate vaccine

Answer 32

• the antigen is the carbohydrate capsule
• carbohydrates are poor antigens (do not stimulate immune system as broadly as protein antigens), especially in babies
• conjugation of the carbohydrate to a protein carrier makes them more effective
• e.g streptococcus pneuomoniae

Question 33

what vaccines are there for cancer

Answer 33

• HPV is linked to 100% of all cervical cancers