Principles of Large Animal Surgery

Question 1

What is the most important thing to reduce post-op infections?

Answer 1

Good surgical technique

Question 2

Oxytetracycline covers what spectrum of antimicrobial?

Answer 2

Gram positive and negative

Question 3

Is Oxytetracycline bacteriostatic and bactericidal?

Answer 3

Bacteriostatic

Question 4

What is the withdrawal time of Oxytetracycline?

Answer 4

Meat: 28 days
Milk: 4 days

Question 5

Penicillin covers which spectrums of organism?

Answer 5

A. pyogenes and anaerobes
NOTE: Not effective against Gram negative

Question 6

Is Penicillin bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

Answer 6

Bactericidal

Question 7

What is the withdrawal time of Penicillin?

Answer 7

Meat: 16 days
Milk: 5 days

Question 8

Ceftiofur covers which spectrum of organism?

Answer 8

Gram positive and negative
NOTE: Includes beta-lactamase producing strains

Question 9

You can add Penicillin to Ceftiofur as your antimicrobial protocol for which procedure?

Answer 9

Enterotomy

Question 10

Which form of Ceftiofur has no withdrawal time?

Answer 10

Ceftiofur sodium (Naxcel)

Question 11

What is the withdrawal time of Ceftiofur hydrochloride (Excenel)?

Answer 11

Meat: 2 days
Milk: None

Question 12

Flunixin meglumine is labeled for what three things for cattle in the USA?

Answer 12

Pyrexia, endotoxemia, mastitis

Question 13

What is the withdrawal time of flunixin meglumine?

Answer 13

Meat: 4 days
Milk: 36 hours

Question 14

Ketoprofen is only labeled for cattle in the USA for what?

Answer 14

Pyrexia in bovine respiratory disease

Question 15

Which demographic of animals can Ketoprofen NOT be used in?

Answer 15

Dairy cattle older than 1 year

Question 16

What is the withdrawal time of Ketoprofen?

Answer 16

Meat: 48 hours

Question 17

Meloxicam is labeled for use in cattle in Canada for what?

Answer 17

Castration

Question 18

Which demographic of animals is Meloxicam NOT to be used in?

Answer 18

Lactating dairy cattle or veal calves

Question 19

What is the withdrawal time for Meloxicam?

Answer 19

At least 35 days

Question 20

Which species is tetanus prophylaxis MOST important?

Answer 20

Horses and lambs

Question 21

What are the two challenges of GA for equines during induction?

Answer 21

• Experienced handlers
• Appropriate facilities

Question 22

What are the four challenges of GA for equines during the procedure?

Answer 22

• Hypotension
• Hypoxemia
• Myopathy
• Neuropathy

Question 23

What is the challenge of GA for equines during recovery?

Answer 23

Injuries

Question 24

What challenge does GA have on a bovine’s rumen?

Answer 24

• Bloat
• Regurgitation
• Ventilation

Question 25

What challenges does the weight of a bovine have during GA?

Answer 25

- Myopathy - Neutropathy

Question 26

What should we be concerned with when using anesthetic agents in bovine patients?

Answer 26

Withdrawal periods

Question 27

What is the anesthetic technique where a linear infiltration is made along the incision line?

Answer 27

Line Block

Question 28

What are the four disadvantages of using a line block?

Answer 28

- Less effective in inflamed tissues - Edema can distort incision causing difficulty of closing - Wound healing delayed - Large volume of LA needed

Question 29

When performing the Inverted L-block, what are your landmarks?

Answer 29

Ventrolateral aspect of lumbar transverse processes and caudal aspect of last rib

Question 30

What are the two advantages for the Inverted L-block technique?

Answer 30

- Do edema or hematoma formation - Does not affect healing

Question 31

What are the two disadvantages of the Inverted L-block technique?

Answer 31

- Possible incomplete analgesia and muscle relaxation of deeper layers - VERY large volume of LA

Question 32

When performing regional anesthesia, what is being desensitized?

Answer 32

Peripheral nerves

Question 33

When performing a proximal paravertebral block, where do you place your needle?

Answer 33

Caudal border of T13, L1, and L2 transverse processes

Question 34

What are three complications of the proximal paravertebral block?

Answer 34

- Scoliosis - Moderate ataxia - Penetration of blood vessels

Question 35

When performing a distal paravertebral block, where do you place your needle?

Answer 35

Parallel to tip of transverse processes of L1, L2, and L4

Question 36

Does scoliosis occur when performing a distal paravertebral block?

Answer 36

No

Question 37

True or False: With the Bier block technique, it is appropriate to use epinephrine.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

What are the three risks of using the Bier block technique?

Answer 38

- Systemic toxicity - Ischemia and persistent lameness - Reperfusion injury/collapse

Question 39

What two locations can you use when performing an epidural?

Answer 39

- Sacrococcygeal joint - Between 1st and 2nd intercoccygeal space

Question 40

What structures are anesthetized during a caudal/low epidural?

Answer 40

- Pelvic viscera - Genitalia - Perianal region

Question 41

What structures are anesthetized during an anterior/high epidural?

Answer 41

- Hindlimbs - Mammary tissue - Flank - Abdominal wall