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psychology > principles of learning > Flashcards

principles of learning Flashcards

1
Q

2 main types of learning

A
  • formal learning

- informal learning

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2
Q

what is formal learning?

A

gathering information from a structured lesson. (notes, reading, school)

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3
Q

what is informal learning?

A

not being fully aware of learning. (contact with people, learning about interests, movies)

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4
Q

what are the 3 main categories of learning?

A
  • perceptual motor learning
  • affective learning
  • cognitive learning
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5
Q

what is perceptual learning?

A
  • acquiring physical skills.
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6
Q

what is affective learning?

A
  • understanding feelings/emotions.

- learns values, likes/dislikes, social skills.

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7
Q

what is cognitive learning?

A
  • problem solving skills, thinking process.
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8
Q

what are the basic principles of learning, and what do they mean?

A
  1. self-concept: confidence you can learn. (self-image)
  2. motivation: having interest in what is being taught.
  3. attitude: being positive, parents teach attitude.
  4. study: cover the basics, learn topics slow and steady.
  5. plateaus: (rising graph) learn lots one day and little the next.
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9
Q

what factors can affect learning?

at least 3

A
  • no distractions
  • energy/food
  • breaks
  • need to be challenged
  • good rest
  • study group
  • interest
  • new topics
  • healthy/comfortable atmosphere
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10
Q

what are the 3 main learning styles?

what are they, example?

A
  1. visual: acquire information through sight. (pictures, diagrams)
  2. auditory: acquire information through sound. (music, speeches, audio books)
  3. tactile/kinisthetic: acquire information through touch. (activities, labs, math blocks)
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11
Q

how can you tell someone’s learning style?

A
  • predicates: analyze a persons speech.

- eye movements

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12
Q

how can eye movement tell someone’s learning style?

A 
visual 
eye movement 1 (lie): up, right
eye movement 2 (truth): up, left
auditory 
eye movement 1 (lie): straight, right 
eye movement 2 (truth): straight, left
tactile
eye movement 1 (lie): down, right
eye movement 2 (truth): down, left
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13
Q

what is neurolinguistic programming?

A

the study of relationship between learning experiences and absorbing those experiences.

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14
Q

what is mass practice?

give a pro and con.

A

cramming information.

pro: good for remembering information for short amounts of time.
con: easily forgotten.

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15
Q

what is distributed practice?

give pro and con.

A

taking breaks while learning.

pro: stays in brain longer.
con: can forget material in between breaks.

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16
Q

what is serial learning?

give pro and con.

A

information is learned in steps.

pro. starts with basics and build up.
con: some people don’t need to start with basics.

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17
Q

what is primary and recency effect?

A

primary: 1st thing learnt is best remembered.
recency: last thing is 2nd best remembered.

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18
Q

what is transfer?

A

information can be used in future.

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19
Q

what is over learning?

what is diminishing returns?

A
  • learning to point of mastery.

- can lead to diminishing returns. (the longer you work at something the less difference it makes.)

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20
Q

what’s is trial and error?

give pro and con.

A

trying all possibilities until finding a right answer.

pro: will find solution eventually.
con: time consuming.

21
Q

what are mnemonic devices?

A

learning aids. (never eat soggy wheat=north, south, east, west)

22
Q

what is intensity?

A

a learning experience that is shocking.

23
Q

what is latent?

A

not fully aware when learning.

24
Q

what is learning by insight?

A

sudden connection leading to solve a problem. (an “ah-ha” moment.)

25
Q

what is natural association?

A

collection of items that are easily remembered when grouped naturally.

26
Q

what’s SQ3R stand for?

what does it do?

A

survey: browse through chapter.
question: attempt to answer questions.
read
recite: attempt to answer questions again and summarize.
review: write small notes.

27
Q

who is jean piaget, what theory did he create?

birth to 18 months?
18 months to 7 years?
7 to 11 years?
11 to 15 years?

A

birth to 18 months: sensorimotor development: object consistency. (peek-a-boo)

18 months to 7 years: preoperational development: “what’s that?” phase. can understand height/length but not mass/volume.

7 to 11 years: concrete operational development: problem solving, makes decisions.

11 to 15 years: formal operational development: can understand religion, death, politics, relationships.

28
Q

what is positive vs negative reinforcement?

A

positive: provide reward to encourage behaviour.
negative: remove punishment to encourage good behaviour or punish bad behaviour.

29
Q

what is complete and partial reinforcement?

A

complete: reward is giving each time.
partial: reward is giving sometimes.

30
Q

what is primary and secondary reinforcement?

give an example of each.

A

primary: reward is basic need. (food)
secondary: reward helps get us something we want. (money)

31
Q

what is conditioned and unconditioned mean?

A

conditioned: taught
unconditioned: not taught

32
Q

what is a stimulus and a response?

A

stimulus: something is done.
response: response to what has been done.

33
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

stimulus brings on a response that it did not previously produce.

34
Q

who is ivan pavlov, what experiment did he conduct?

A

ivan pavlov is a russian psychologist who is known for his experiments with classical conditioning.
he conducted an experiment where he rang a bell when he was about to feed his dogs, eventually he trained the dogs to salivate when they heard the bell.

35
Q

what is counter conditioning?

A

replacing a conditioned response with a different response.

36
Q

what does extinction mean when referring to psychology?

A

elimination of a conditioned response by withholding the reward.

37
Q

what is spontaneous recovery?

A

the sudden appearance of an extinct response.

38
Q

what is generalization?

A

when similar stimuli result in the same response.

39
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

strengthen a response by immediately providing a reward/punishment when the response occurs.

40
Q

What is the difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?

A

classical: reinforcement associated with the stimulus that causes the response. (giving during)
operant: reinforcement is given after the desired response has occurred. (giving after)

41
Q

what are examples of unconditioned things people do?

A
  • reflexes
  • digestive system
  • immune system
  • heart beating
42
Q

what are some things we can do to improve our memories?

list at least 3.

A
  • videos
  • senses
  • scars
  • photos/symbols
  • repetition
  • journalling
  • Reminders
  • lists
  • people/conversations
43
Q

what are things our brains do?

A
  • digestion
  • blinking
  • making your heartbeat
  • breathing
  • emotions
  • storing information
  • hormones
44
Q

What do confident people tend to have?

why?

A
  • poor memories: because they forget embarrassing moments.
45
Q

why do people tend to forget most of their lives?

A
  • it’s routine and boring
46
Q

what is synergy?

A

our brains multitasking to absorbs information from sight, hearing, symbols, movement.

47
Q

What’s the difference between the left side and the right side of our brain?
give one example of each.

A

left: deals with logical thought, language, thinking process
- problem-solving/rational thinking
- verbal, linguistic abilities
- good for following directions, working with facts
right: deals with intuitive thoughts, artistic talents, and ability to visualize things.
- creative side
- doesn’t have good Time management
- better at gathering information from nonverbal cues/movements

48
Q

why do some people not believe in the left side and right side of brains?

A

both hemispheres work together and are connected by nervous tissue.

49
Q

what is our nervous tissue called?

A

corpus callosum.

psychology (2 decks)

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