Principles of Learning

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov’s dog experiments lead to the theoretical basis for _________________.

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Question 2

What are the five elements of classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned response (UCR)
Neutral stimulus (NS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Conditioned response (CR)

Question 3

Little Albert’s Fear of white rats is an example of ________________

Answer 3

Classical conditioning

Question 4

As it relates to learning, habituation is what?

Answer 4

The decreasing strength of a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Question 5

Q
As it relates to learning, a stimulus is what?

Answer 5

Something that elicits a response or reaction.

Question 6

Classical conditioning was discovered from which experiment in the 1890s?

Answer 6

Classical conditioning

Question 7

_________ conditioning focuses on reflexive (involuntary) responses, while ____________ conditioning focuses on non-reflexive (voluntary) behaviours.

Answer 7

Classical, operant

Question 8

ADDING something pleasant is _______________ reinforcement.

Answer 8

Positive

Question 9

REMOVING something unpleasant is _______________ reinforcement.

Answer 9

Negative

Question 10

ADDING something unpleasant is _____________ punishment.

Answer 10

Positive

Question 11

REMOVING something pleasant is _______________ punishment.

Answer 11

Negative

Question 12

A Skinner Box was used to demonstrate ______________ conditioning

Answer 12

Operant

Question 13

Positive and negative reinforcement is an example of ______________ conditioning

Answer 13

Operant

Question 14

Reinforcement and punishment are examples of __________________.

Answer 14

Operant conditioning

Question 15

The ‘token economy’ is used in _______________ conditioning.

Answer 15

Operant

Question 16

Monitoring your heart rate on a smart watch is an example of ________________.

Answer 16

Biofeedback

Question 17

In negative reinforcement, an increase in behaviour follows….

Answer 17

The removal of something adverse

Question 18

The re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

Answer 18

Spontaneous recovery

Question 19

Reinforcement that provides a reward for a certain percentage of responses, but the number of responses required before reinforcement is unpredictable.

Answer 19

Variable ratio

Question 20

Schedule of reinforcement connects reinforcement to an average interval of time but the exact time when reinforcement will be presented is unpredictable.

Answer 20

Variable interval

Question 21

When a stimulus is presented/encountered repeatedly, and the response to it weakens

Answer 21

Habituation

Question 22

The two types of associative learning (learning by association)

Answer 22

Classical conditioning & operant conditioning

Question 23

The pairing of two stimuli (CS & UCS)

Answer 23

Reinforcement

Question 24

______________ results in the gradual weakening & disappearance of a response

Answer 24

Extinction

Question 25

When a similar stimulus also elicits the conditioned response even if they were never paired with the UCS is called _____________,

Answer 25

Generalisation

Question 26

___________ is when a subject learns to respond to one stimulus and a not to similar stimulus.

Answer 26

Discrimination

Question 27

In operant conditioning, ____________ is the initial stage of learning a new pattern of responding

Answer 27

Acquisition

Question 28

____________ occurs if the organism still makes responses after reinforcement has stopped

Answer 28

Resistance to extinction

Question 29

A token economy programme is an example of

Answer 29

Secondary reinforcement

Question 30

In classical conditioning, a ___________ stimulus becomes a _____________ stimulus after conditioning has occurred.

Answer 30

neutral, conditioned

Question 31

______________ conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviour is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Answer 31

Operant

Question 32

In operant conditioning, if a behaviour has increased, ______________ must have been used.

Answer 32

Reinforcement

Question 33

In operant conditioning, if a behaviour has decreased, ______________ must have been used.

Answer 33

Punishment

Question 34

What involves adding something desirable to increase the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment

Answer 34

Positive reinforcement

Question 35

What involves removing something desirable to decrease the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment

Answer 35

Negative punishment

Question 36

What involves removing something unpleasant to increase the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment

Answer 36

Negative reinforcement

Question 37

What involves adding something unpleasant to decrease the frequency of a behaviour?
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) positive punishment
d) negative punishment

Answer 37

Positive punishment

Question 38

Occurs when responding is influenced by observation of
others (‘models’)

Answer 38

Observational learning

Question 39

____________ occurs when an event following a response increases the tendency to make that response

Answer 39

Reinforcement

Question 40

_____________ occurs when an event following a response decreases the tendency to make that response

Answer 40

Punishment

Question 41

Stimuli that precede a response that can also influence operant behaviour

Answer 41

Discriminative stimuli

Question 42

A type of mind-body technique you use to control some of your body’s functions, such as your heart rate, breathing patterns and muscle responses

Answer 42

Biofeedback

Question 43

In this schedule, reinforcement is delivered after the completion of a number of responses. The required number of responses remains constant.

Answer 43

Fixed ratio (FR)

Question 44

A schedule of reinforcement where a behaviour is reinforced after a random number of responses.

Answer 44

Variable ratio (VR)

Question 45

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response is reinforced only after a set amount of time has elapsed.

Answer 45

Fixed interval (FI)

Question 46

A schedule of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Answer 46

Variable interval (VI)

Question 47

The process of training a learned behaviour that would not normally occur. For each action closer to the desired outcome, a reinforcement or reward is provided until the target behaviour is achieved.

Answer 47

Shaping

Question 48

A reward system used in a behaviour modification programs. It involves providing tangible rewards (tokens, food, stickers, etc.) for positive behaviours.

Answer 48

Token economy programmes

Question 49

Educational technique characterised by self-paced, self-administered instruction presented in logical sequence and with much repetition of concepts.

Answer 49

Programmed learning

Question 50

Technique where people can
‘recondition’ themselves to produce more ‘desirable’ behaviours (e.g. fewer cigarettes or cups of coffee,
more time spent studying), since “what is learned can be unlearned”

Answer 50

Behaviour modification

Question 51

Four necessary components for successful modelling:

Answer 51

Attention
Retention
Motor Reproduction
Motivation