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Principles Of Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

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2
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together

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3
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link to her more stimuli and anticipate events

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4
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

A stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention

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5
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit some more response

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6
Q

Token economy

A

In operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and then later exchange the tokens for various privileges

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7
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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8
Q

Instrumental learning

A

A form of learning that takes place as a direct consequence of a reward

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9
Q

Reinforcer

A

Any event that strengthens the behavior

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10
Q

Punishment

A

Decreasing the likelihood of an undesired behavior

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11
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus such as one biological need

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12
Q

Fixed-ratio

A

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

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13
Q

Robert rescorla

A

American psychologist that specialized in the processes in classical conditioning focusing on animal learning and behavior

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14
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Founded what is now a branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism and promoted the concept known as latent learning

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15
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by observing others (social learning)

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16
Q

Martin seligman

A

His theory of learned helplessness is popular among in clinical psychology

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17
Q

Acquisition

A

The first stages of learning when a response is established

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18
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing of a conditioned response

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19
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

Classical conditioning- a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally- triggers a response

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20
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning - an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a response

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21
Q

Conditioned taste aversion

A

The correlation of the taste of liquid or food with a negative stimulant

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22
Q

Flooding

A

A form of behavior therapy where a person is exposed directly to a maximum intensity anxiety-producing situation

23
Q

Discrimination

A

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

24
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by a favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

25
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food
26
Positive punishment
Decreases frequency (behavior) when an unpleasant stimulus is presented
27
Secondary reinforcement
A situation in which a stimulus reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer
28
Fixed interval
In operant conditioning- a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specific time has elapsed
29
Avoidance conditioning
A type of conditioning in which the subject is trained to respond or behave to an unpleasant event by avoiding the aversive stimulus
30
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
31
Modeling
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
32
Unconditioned response
The unlearned response - occurs naturally (dog salivating to the treat)
33
Conditioned response
The behavior elicited by the conditioned stimulus (salivation when the bell rings)
34
Operant chamber
An operant conditioning chamber used to study animal behavior
35
Intermittent reinforcement
Given only part of the time a subject gives the desired response
36
Shaping
Method of behavior training in which reinforcement is given for closer approximations of the desired target behavior
37
Counterconditioning
A technique employee in animal training, and in the treatment of phobias and similar conditions in humans -attempts to replace bad emotional responses
38
Systematic desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli
38
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
39
Negative reinforcement
Increases frequency of behavior when pleasant stimulus is presented
40
Negative punishment
Decrease frequency of behavior when pleasant stimulus is removed
41
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
42
Variable ratio schedule
I'm operant conditioning- reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
43
Escape conditioning
Subject learns to perform a behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus by escaping from it
44
Cognitive maps
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
45
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so
46
Learned helplessness
The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
47
John Watson
Most famous for his ethically challenged experiment with little Albert
48
B.F Skinner
Demonstrated superstitious behavior in a pigeon and his explanation for how humans become superstitious in the same way
49
Ivan Pavlov
Russian psychologist- showed experimenting with dogs (classical conditioning)
50
Edward thorndike
Famous for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning
51
Variable interval
In operant conditioning a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
52
Albert Bandura
Known for his social learning theory- learning happens by observing others and modeling their behaviors

Psychology (4 decks)

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