Principles Of Management Flashcards
What the planning is?
Planning is the process, when the managers set the goals and describe the way to attain it. There are to major components: the goal statement “what” and the action statement “how”.
Why do managers create the plans? (Reasons)
- providing directions to managers and non-managers
- reacting to the changes of environment
- set the goals
- create the road map for the future activities
- detect strength and weakness of the company
- increase economic efficiency
- make control process easier
Four plan criterias
- Breadth
- Time-frame
- Specifity
- Frequency of use (частота использования)
What is plan criteria “breadth”
This criteria included:
- Strategic (institutional) Plans is the long-term plans for Organisation (company)
- Operational plans is a short-term plans for the organizational area
What is plan criteria “time-frame”?
Short-term plans (1 hour - 1 year), medium-term plans (1-3 years), long-term plans (3+ years)
What is plan criteria “specifity”?
- Directional plan - flexible plans, which are easy to change
- Specific plan - clearly defined plan and can’t be changed
What is plan criteria “frequency of use”?
- Standing plans (постоянные планы) - gives the reconciliations for the MAIN rules, policies and conditions of organization
- Single-use plans - describe terms for unique situations
What does SMART goal technique mean?
S- specific
M - mensurable
A - Archivable
R - realistic
T - time-bounded
What is Demig-Cycle?
- Plan
- Do
- Check
- Act
(1-7)
What is the Management by objectives (MBD) method?
MBD is the process of setting agreed goals and evaluate the performance of employers using it.
1) Set the goal
2) divide it between departments
3) department managers set the goals for their departments and communicate with other department-managers
4) the plan to archive goals discuss between all employers
5) Plan discuss and agrees between all managers
6) plan makes
7) Plan is Reviewed and employers have a feedback
8) Successful archived goals rewards
What is OKR method?
OKR - objectives and Key results
The whole team (company) knows about the objectives and key results
Which factors influence to plan development?
1) organizational levels
2) the environmental uncertainty
3) Plan time-frame
Describe the planning process
1) Determine the present stage of company (strength and weakness)
2) Set future goals
3) Set predictions about the future and examine information about environment
4) Make a plan (determine the course of actions)
5) Analyzing plan and making changes
History of management: Who discovered the discipline of management and when?
Frederic Taylor, 1911 year
Frederic Taylor’s principles
- scientific methods of studying helps managers to find more effective ways of task-making
- workers are assigned to ask according to their skills and motivation
- A workers performance is monitored and checked against key performance indicators
- The steps of work are divided by managers and employees the way that manager can focus on time planning and training, while workers do the tasks efficiently.
- Functions that managers perform: planning, organising, commanding, coordinating, controlling
What is “Howthorne effect”?
is more positive changes when managers give more attention to workers
What means the system theory?
it explains the company like an open, productive, socio-technical system
what is “open systems” and “close systems”?
Open systems are influenced by and interning with the environment around them (Открытые системы находятся под влиянием окружающей среды).
Closed systems are without interactions with with the environment.
company triangle is
- Top: upper (top/ exclusive) management - making decisions
- Second level: middle management - manage the work of first-line managers
- First-line management - control the work of employers
- Employees
What are the functions of managers?
(define the goals)
Planning, Organising, Leading, Controlling = achieving the started purposes
additional functions of managers:
environmental scanning, customer relations and marketing, community relations, internal consulting (консультант внутри компании)
Which roles do managers plays?
- informational
- Interpersonal (межличностый) - contact person, motivates people
- Decisional (decisión-making)
Which skills does manager should have?
technical skills, human resources skills, conceptual skills (optimise, analyse)
What is “formal organisation”?
Formal organisation is defines relationships, responsibilities and connections inside the organisation, which shows roles , responsibilities and the flow of information (поток информации). The formal organisation works the way to define the purposes and recruiting people follow this tasks.
What is “informal organisation”?
Informal organisation described as the invisible network of interpersonal (межличностных) relationships in an organization. It is the result of interaction between the people.
five main characteristics of bureaucratic model
- command and control
- span of control (диапазон контроля)
- centralization
- formalization
- specialization
What is the organisational design?
Organizational design is the process of creating or changing organizational structure
Key elements of organisational design
- Command and control
- Span of control
- Centralisation/ décentralisation
- Formalisation
5.Specialisation/departamisation
Command and control (or chain of command) like a Key elements of organisational design
The reporting and oversight structures (структуры отчетности и надзора)
Span of control (диапазон контроля) like a Key element of organisational design
The span of control shows the responsibility of managers (who do what)
Centralisation/ décentralisation like a Key elements of organisational design
Centralisation described how the flow of resources controlled. When the high-managers make a decisions and resouses divided between a few department id the high level of centralisation. When decisions have made by employees is a low level of centralisation in company.
Formalisation like a Key element of organisational design
Formalization refers to the degree to which roles and tasks are defined within an organization. In the company with the high-level of formalisation people clearly know their tasks.
Specialization (and departmentalization) like a Key element of organisational design
Work specialization means dividing work activities into separate work tasks, such as finance, marketing, and so on. And combining employees to departments inside the company.
three ideal organizational structures
functional, divisional, and matrix
Describe the functional organisational structure
In a functional structure, similar or related tasks are grouped together, such as human resources and then managers control the tasks.
Describe the divisional organisational structure
Divisional structure is based on business units or departments which are, for example, results of different product lines, geographical aspects, or customer groups.
Describe the matrix structure
The matrix structure include functional and divisional parts. In this case, employees report to more than one manager.
Describe the mechanistic structure
The mechanistic structure (bureaucracy) is highly hierarchical, with many administrative levels and a high degree of standardization and control like a pyramid with few people on the top and many people at the bottom
