Principles of Peri-operative Patient Care L7

Question 1

What are the 6 types of analgesics?

Answer 1

NSAID’s, Opioids, Local, Alpha 2 agonists, NMDA antagonist - ketamine, Paracetamol.

Question 2

What are the three different types of shock?

Answer 2

Hypovolaemic shock, Cardiogenic shock, Distributive shock.

Question 3

Clinical Signs - Hypovolaemic Shock

Answer 3

haemorrhage, pale/white mm, CRT prolonged, cold extremities, low blood pressure, tachycardia (up to 220 dog, 250 cat).

Question 4

Treatment - Hypovolaemic Shock

Answer 4

Dependant on reason for loss…
Consider overload…
Consider preventing managing further loss (anti-emetic)..
Fluid replacement - usually crystalloid or whole blood on top of this.

Question 5

Considerations - Hypovolaemic Shock

Answer 5

Treat haemorrhage, monitor TPR/MM/CRT/venous access, fluid replacement, keep warm, ensure animal is comfortable/safe/stress free.

Question 6

Clinical Signs - Cardiogenic Shock

Answer 6

Dependant on nature of heart disease, incl, heart murmurs, irregular pulses, tachy/bradycardia.

Question 7

Treatment - Cardiogenic Shock

Answer 7

Dependant on treating underlying heart disease. IVFT contraindicated in cases as no loss of circulating volume.

Question 8

Clinical Signs - Distributive Shock

Answer 8

Tachycardia, poor pulse quality, red MM, CRT initially rapid….progressing to slow, reduced blood pressure, warm extremities blood pooling.

Question 9

Treatment - Distributive Shock

Answer 9

Rapid identification and treatment of the underlying cause with medical or surgical intervention, IVFT.

Question 10

What is hypovolaemic shock?

Answer 10

Results from a reduction in the circulating intravascular volume.

Question 11

What is cariogenic shock?

Answer 11

Due to the inability of the heart to pump effectively.

Question 12

What is distributive shock?

Answer 12

Due to excessive vasodilation, vascular volume has not changed.