Principles of Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the only form form prescribing controlled substances

Answer 1

DD 1289

Question 2

3 forms for prescribing medications

Answer 2

CHCH, DD 1289, Poly- NAVMED6710/6

Question 3

what is the form form multiple prescriptions

Answer 3

NAVMED 6710/6

Question 4

What must prescriptions be written with

Answer 4

ink. indelible pencil or typewritten

Question 5

info that must be on the prescription form

Answer 5

Name, SSN/DODID
Date written
PT’s age and DOB

Full name of drug, form of drug, dosage size and strength written in metric, quantity to be dispensed. written generically.

directions for the patient
legible signature of provider
refill authorization

Question 6

directions for the patient on the dd1289, what is it called

Answer 6

signa

Question 7

what is an inscription

Answer 7

name of drug and ammount

Question 8

what is the subscription on the prescription form

Answer 8

amount of dispensed medication

Question 9

What are the general principles of pharmacology?

Answer 9

(1) The factors that affect the actions of drugs.
(2) Factors that affect drug reactions.
(3) Various types of drug interactions.
(4) Factors influencing drug response interactions.

Question 10

what is pharmacokinetic?

Answer 10

Activities of the drug after it enters the body. Pharmacokinetics is
the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. A fundamental concept in pharmacokinetics is drug clearance, that is, elimination of drugs from the body.

Question 11

What is absorption?

Answer 11

The transfer of the drug from the body fluids to the tissues.

Question 12

What is active absorption?

Answer 12

Carrier molecule such as a protein or enzyme

actively moves the drug across the membrane.

Question 13

What is passive absorption?

Answer 13

Diffuse across a membrane from area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (Water
Soluble Drugs).

Question 14

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 14

Cells engulf the drug particle across the cell membrane. Think
packman!

Question 15

What is bioavailability?

Answer 15

Bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption. It is the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation

Question 16

what is the bioavailability of most oral drugs?

Answer 16

Oral drugs that have a first pass hepatic metabolism

may only have a bioavailability of 20-40% as opposed to I.V medications that have a 100% bioavailability.

Question 17

What are some factors that alter bioavailability?

Answer 17

(1) The drug from (e.g. tablet, capsule, sustained release, liquid, trans-dermal patch, inhalation).
(2) Route of administration
(3) Changes in Liver metabolism caused by dysfunction.
(4) G I mucosa and motility.
(5) Food and drugs
(6) Solubility: Drugs that are fat soluble are absorbed faster than water-soluble drugs.

Question 18

What is distribution?

Answer 18

Movement of drug throughout the body typically on

proteins (albumin).

Question 19

What is the therapeutic affect?

Answer 19

Drug levels in blood to produce desired effect.

(a) Too high = toxic
(b) Too low = decreased effect.

Question 20

What is metabolism?

Answer 20

Chemical reaction by with liver converts drug to inactive compound.

Question 21

Where does metabolism occur?

Answer 21

Metabolism occurs in the Liver, Kidneys, lungs, plasma, and

intestinal mucosa.

Question 22

What is excretion?

Answer 22

Elimination of drugs from the body.

Question 23

What is half life?

Answer 23

Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug

Question 24

what is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 24

Drug’s actions and effects within the body

Question 25

what are the two types of effects on the body?

Answer 25

(1) Primary or desired effect. | (2) Secondary effects (side effects) – desired or undesired.

Question 26

what is physical dependence?

Answer 26

A compulsive need to use a substance | repeatedly to avoid mild to severe withdrawal symptoms.

Question 27

what is Psychological dependence?

Answer 27

A compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience

Question 28

What is a pharmacogenetic disorder?

Answer 28

A genetically determined abnormal response to normal doses of a drug.

Question 29

what is a receptor?

Answer 29

A specialized macromolecule that binds to the drug molecule, altering the function of the cell and producing the therapeutic response.

Question 30

Alterations in Cellular Environment:

Answer 30

A drug that alters cellular function can increase or decrease the physiologic functions of the cell Ex: Increased heart rate, decrease blood pressure. (1) Therapeutic Response: Alteration of cell to achieve the desired response. (2) Agonist: Drug that binds with a receptor to produce the therapeutic response. (3) Antagonist: Drug binds to receptor stronger than the agonist thus producing no pharmacologic effect Ex: Narcan is antagonist to morphine.

Question 31

What is an adverse reaction?

Answer 31

Undesirable drug effects.

Question 32

What is an allergic reaction?

Answer 32

A drug reaction that occurs because the individual's immune system views the drug as a foreign substance.

Question 33

What is drug idiosyncrasy

Answer 33

Any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug that a patient can have, that do not occur in the vast majority of patients taking the same drug.

Question 34

what is Drug tolerance

Answer 34

A decreased response to a drug, requiring an | increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect.

Question 35

What is Cumulative drug effect?

Answer 35

A drug effect that occurs when the body has not fully metabolized a dose of a drug before the next dose is given.

Question 36

What is toxic?

Answer 36

A harmful drug effect if it is delivered in high dose or when blood concentration levels exceed therapeutic level (as seen in patients with Liver or Kidney disease).

Question 37

What is pharmacogenetics reactions?

Answer 37

Inherited traits that cause abnormal metabolism of the drug. Ex: G6PD patient taking aspirin or sulfonamides will have hemolysis of their RBCs.

Question 38

What is the pharmaceutic phase?

Answer 38

The dissolution of a drug. Usually applying to the breakdown | of tablets.

Question 39

What is drug interaction?

Answer 39

When one drug interacts with or interferes with the action of another drug. Ex: Antacid with oral tetracycline decrease effectiveness of tetracycline

Question 40

What is an additive drug reaction?

Answer 40

A reaction that occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone.

Question 41

What is synergism?

Answer 41

A drug interaction that occurs when drugs produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions.

Question 42

What is an antagonist drug reaction?

Answer 42

When one drug interferes with the action of another, causing neutralization or a decrease in the effect of one drug. Ex: Protamine sulfate completely neutralizes the effects of heparin.

Question 43

What is Drug - Food Interactions:

Answer 43

Drug given orally, food may impair or enhance its absorption. Ex: Proton Pump Inhibitor should be taken 1 hour before meals.

Question 44

What are all the factors influencing drug response?

Answer 44

``` Age Weight Gender Disease Route of administration Drug use and pregnancy. (1) Teratogen: A substance that may produce physical or functional defects in a human embryo or fetus. ```

Question 45

The federal drug administration established how many categories of pregnancy categories?

Answer 45

Pregnancy CAT: A, B, C, D, X