Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

General Physiology > Principles of Physiology > Flashcards

Principles of Physiology Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

the study of the biological functions of organs and their inter-relationships

A

Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

studies interplay of factors that affect __

A

growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

___ of each aspect of the body.

A

Connectedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Physiology is an_____

A

Integrating Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment

A

Integrative Science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Physiologist

A

-study the structure and function of the various parts of animals and plants
-design experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hallmark of physiology

A

Diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

meeting the demands of survival has resulted in ____ on the basic theme of life.

A

numerous evolutionary variations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unifying themes of physiological processes

A

obey physical and chemicals laws
• regulated to maintain internal conditions and trigger an appropriate response
• physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype, or genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

arises as the product of the genetic make-up

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

physiological state of an animal is part of its

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Subdisciplines of Physiology

A

Comparative Physiology
Environmental Physiology
Evolutionary Physiology
Developmental Physiology
Cell Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

A

Comparative Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

A

Environmental Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

techniques of evolutionary biology and systematics are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

A

Evolutionary Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ System

A

Cell Physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

central themes of Physiology

A

Structure/Function RelationshipAdaptation,
Acclimatization, and Acclimation
Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organisms

A

Structure/Function Relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function is based on___

A

Structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Biological function at each level of Organization

A

Organisms → organs system → organ → tissue → cellular → Macromolecular → molecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

biological function at each level of organization depends on the _____.

A

structure of that level and the levels below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Physiology of an organism is very well matched to the environment it occupies, thereby ensuring its survival

A

Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

evolution through natural selection leading to an organism whose physiology, anatomy, and behavior are matched to the demands of its environment

A

Adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Adaptation

A

generally irreversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
physiological process is __
Adaptive
26
present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes.
physiological process is adaptive
27
genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection
physiological and anatomic adaptations
28
a physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition
Acclimatization
29
refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator
Acclimation
30
both are reversible
Acclimation Acclimatization
31
The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability
homeostasis
32
French pioneer of modern physiology
Claude Bernard 1872
33
The milieu interieur
Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life
34
the ability of animals to survive in often stressful and varying environments directly reflects their ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
Claude Bernard
35
extended notion of internal consistency to the organization and function of cells, tissues and organs
Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)
36
Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)
“Homeostasis” – tendency towards internal stability (1929 – Nobel Price)
37
Homeostasis- definitions
Dynamic equilibrium In spite of multiple stimuli Maintained by negative feedback
38
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively ___ in an ever-changing outside world
stable internal environment
39
The internal environment of the body is in a ___
dynamic state of equilibrium
40
factors interact to maintain homeostasis
Chemical, thermal, and neural
41
The body functions within relatively ___,All body systems contribute to its ____
narrow limits maintenance
42
Regulation of homeostasis is accomplished through the ___ and ___ systems
nervous endocrine
43
Control of Blood Glucose
Insulin and Glucagon
44
are antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis
Insulin and Glucagon
45
_____ has clusters of endocrine cells called ____ with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin
pancreas islets of Langerhans
46
diabetes mellitus
Hypoinsulinism
47
hereditary factors and obesity play a role in its development
Hypoinsulinism: diabetes mellitus
48
Hypoinsulinism: diabetes mellitus Symptoms
excessive urination and excessive thirst
49
if severe:
fat substitutes for glucose as major fuel source → production of acidic metabolites → life threatening lowering of blood pH
50
insulin-dependent diabetes
Type I diabetes mellitus
51
Type I diabetes mellitus
autoimmune disorder usually appears in childhood treatment: insulin injections
52
non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Type II diabetes mellitus
53
Type II diabetes mellitus
usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases
54
is a disorder that results in excess growth of certain parts of the human body. It is caused by excess growth hormone after the growth plates have closed.
Acromegaly
55
animals that can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity
Euryhaline
56
Some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state
anhydrobiosis
57
Basic components of homeostatic Control System
Receptor Control Center Effector
58
detects changes (stimuli) in the body.
Receptor
59
determines a set point for a normal range.
Control Center
60
causes the response determined by the control center.
Effector
61
regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in the cells and multicellular organisms depend on ___
feedback
62
return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable
feedback
63
occurs when sensory information about a particular variable (e.g. temperature, pH, salinity) is used to control processes in the cells, tissues, and organs that influence the internal level of that variable
feedback
64
A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change
Negative feedback
65
A negative feedback mechanism ____ the intensity of the stimulus or eliminates it
decreases
66
causes the system to change in the opposite direction from the stimulus
The negative feedback mechanism
67
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are ___
negative feedback mechanisms
68
In negative feedback systems
the output shuts off or somehow alleviates the original stimulus
69
a loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus
negative feedback mechanisms
70
enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated
A positive feedback mechanism
71
is considered positive because it results in change occurring in the ___.
same direction as the original stimulus
72
Positive feedback mechanisms usually control ___ such as blood clotting or childbirth
infrequent events
73
Does not maintain homeostasis . It is characterized by being short in duration, and infrequent.
Positive Feedback
74
when an organism is confronted with changes in its environment (e.g. changes in oxygen availability or salinity), it can respond in one or two ways:
conformity or regulation
75
environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions (unable to maintain homeostasis)
Conformers
76
biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)
Regulators
77
maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa
Osmoregulators
78
is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment
Osmoregulation
79
is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment
Osmoregulation

General Physiology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions