Printed Notes Flashcards by Lisa McCulloch

What is a marcus gunn pupil?

relative afferent pupillary defect

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what are some causes of RAPD?

optic neuritis
optic atrophy
retinal disease
orbital cellulitis

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What is Holmes Adie pupil?

dilated pupil has no response to light and slow response to accommodation (tonic pupil)

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who is most affected by Holmes Adie pupil?

young women with sudden blurring of near vision

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what is the cause of Holmes Adie pupil?

damage of post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres

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what three things make up Holmes Adie syndrome ?

tonic pupil, absent lower limb reflexes, low BP

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What are the four features of Horners syndrome ?

PEAS

ptosis
enophthalmos (posterior displacement)
anhydrosis
small pupil

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What nerve root is affected by pan coast tumours?

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state some causes of horners syndrome ?

MS
Wallenbergs lateral medullary syndrome 
pan coast tumour 
trauma 
cavernous sinus thrombosis

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What is Argyll robertsons pupil?

small irregular pupils that accommodate but don’t react to light caused by DM or syphilius

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what colour vision is affected by optic atrophy?

decreased red colour vision

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what are the commonest causes of optic atrophy?

glaucoma

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what are the features of optic atrophy?

decreased acuity 
decreased colour vision 
central scotoma 
pale optic disc
RAPD

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state the causes of optic atrophy?

Charcot marie tooth disease 
Friedrichs ataxia 
alcohol, lead, B12 deficiency 
optic glioma 
pituitary adenoma 
glaucoma 
pagets 
DM, GCA
MS, Devics 
HZV, TB
lymphoma, leukaemia

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what medications can increase risk of acute closed angle glaucoma?

anti cholinergics
sympathomimetics
TCAs
anti histamines

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what are the symptoms of ACAG?

coloured halos around lights
severe pain
headache, vomiting, nausea, decreased acuity

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what condition is the talbots test used for?

anterior uveitis

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what is talbots test

increased pain on convergence

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what is the treatment for episcleritis?

topical NSAIDs

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state some causes of scleritis ?

wegeners

RA, SLE, vasculitis

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what is a complication of scleritis ?

scleromalacia

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what is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

chloramphenicol 0.5%

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what infection can contact lens users get from swimming?

acanthamoeba

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what is hutchisons sign?

vesicles on tip of nose preceding the development of ophthalmic herpes zoster shingles

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what 5 questions should be asked for sudden loss of vision ? HELLP

``` headache eye movements hurt lights like curtain descending poorly controlled DM ```

what is the optic condition caused by GCA?

anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

what does the retina look like in central artery retinal occlusion ?

pale retina | cherry red fovea

what is seen on the macula with dry ARMD?

drusen deposits

what is used to measure distortion with wet ARMD?

amsler grid

where is vision lost first in the periphery with primary open angle glaucoma?

supero nasal

state some risk factors for open angle glaucoma?

FHx, steroids, DM

what investigations can be done for glaucoma ?

tonometry | fundoscopy

what deficiency causes keratomalacia ?

Vitamin A

what is glucose converted to in the lens during poorly controlled DM to form cataracts?

sorbitol by aldose reductase

what is the management for proliferative diabetic retinopathy ?

pan retinal (macula sparing) laser photocoagulation

what is the management for macular diabetic retinopathy ?

focal or grid laser photocoagulation

state some congenital causes of cataracts ?

``` idiopathic rubella wilsons myotonic dystrophy galactosaemia ```

what is the most common inherited degeneration of the macula?

retinitis pigmentosa

what is the presentation of retinitis pigmentosa?

night blindness | tunnel vision

what does the fundoscopy of retinitis pigmentosa look like ?

optic atrophy | peripheral retinal pigmentation

what is an another name for DIDMOAD?

Wolfram syndrome

what are the features of DIDMOAD?

diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness

what are some associated conditions of anterior uveitis ?

``` seronegative arthritis - AS, psoriatic, Reiters JIA IBD sarcoidosis Behcets infection - TB, syphilis, HSV, CMV ```

what are some causes of optic neuritis ?

``` MS DM ethambutol, chloamphenicol zoster virus lyme disease ```

does retinal vein occlusion have RAPD?

yes

what are two complications of retinal vein occlusion?

glaucoma | neovascularisation

what are some causes of transient visual loss?

TIA, migraine MS subacute glaucoma papilloedema

what investigation is good for macular degeneration ?

OCT (optical coherence tomography)

state three management options for wet ARMD?

``` Photodynamic therapy 􏰀 Intravitreal VEGF inhibitors 􏰁 Bevacizumab (Avastin) 􏰁 Ranibizumab (Lucentis) 􏰀 Antioxidant vitamins (C,E) + zinc ```

what is the commonest cause of blindness in the world?

trachoma cataracts glaucoma keratomalacia (Vit A deficiency)

what investigation should be done for diabetic retinopathy?

fluorescein angiography

in diabetic CN III palsy what function might be spared? and why?

pupil may be spared - as the nerve fibres run peripherally and receive blood from pial vessels

what is the presentation of cataracts?

increasing myopia blurry vision glare from lights monocular diplopia

state some complications of cataracts surgery ?

``` Anterior uveitis / iritis 􏰁 VH 􏰁 Retinal detachment 􏰁 Secondary glaucoma 􏰁 Endophthalmitis ```

what is retinitis pigmentosa associated with?

Friedrich’s ataxia 􏰀 Refsum’s disease 􏰀 Kearns-Sayre Syndrome 􏰀 Usher’s Syndrome

what does Leukocoria mean ?

white pupil - no red reflex

what is hordeolum externum treated with?

fusidic acid

what are the causes of blepharitis ?

seborrhoeic dermatitis | staph infection

what is Lagophthalmos?

difficulty in lid closure over eye lid

what is Pinguecula?

yellow lesions on either side of cornea

what is Pterygium

growth of conjunctiva which invades cornea

what is the treatment for orbital cellulitis ?

IV Abx: Cefuroxime (20mg/kg/8h IV)

what is the presentation of carotico cavernous fistula ?

Engorgement of eye vessels 􏰁 Lid and conjunctival oedema, 􏰁 Pulsatile exophthalmos 􏰁 Eye bruit

state some causes of flashes (photopsia)

``` headache, migraine retinal detachment (flashes and floaters) ```

what conditions are halos seen?

cataract, | corneal oedema, acute glaucoma (with eye pain)

what condition is zig zag lines seen?

migraines

what sign can develop with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis ?

small papillae on tarsal conjunctivae

what is the treatment for allergic conjunctivitis ?

Antazoline: antihistamine drops: | 􏰁 Cromoglycate: inhibits mast cell degranulation

what is the treatment for trachoma?

Tetracycline 1% ointment ± PO

what is the cause of onchocerciasis ?

Caused by microfilariae of nematode Onchocerca volvulus

what is the treatment for onchocerciasis ?

Ivermectin

what is the classification called of hypertensive retinopathy ?

Keith wagener classification

what is the keith wagener classification ?

1. Tortuosity and silver wiring 2. AV nipping 3. Flame haemorrhages and soft / cotton wool spots 4. Papilloedema

what condition is roth spots seen ?

infective endocarditis

what systemic inflammatory disease can cause retinopathy ?

dermatomyositis

what condition can cause corneal calcification?

hyper parathyroidism

what are Kayser-Fleischer Rings?

dark rings that appear to encircle the iris of the eye. They are due to copper deposition in part of the cornea (Descemet's membrane)

what condition causes Kayser-Fleischer Rings?

wilsons disease

what are mydriatics (Anti-Muscarinics) used for in the eye?

pupil dilation and eye examination

state some names of mydriatics ?

Tropicamide | Cyclopentolate

what is the function of miotics?

constrict the pupil

what condition is miotics used for?

acute closed angle glaucoma

what topical antihistamines can be used?

Emedastine 􏰀 Antazoline

what medication is used for open angle glaucoma ?

``` b blockers prostaglandin analogues alpha agonists carbonic anhydrase inhibitors miotics ```

what is the treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis ?

oral tetracycline

what is charles bonnet syndrome ?

a type of psychophysical visual disturbance and the experience of complex visual hallucinations in a person with partial or severe blindness.

Printed Notes Flashcards

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