Prior To Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What is health?
A
-varies
-whole of body
-meaningful when we don’t have
-multidimensional
2
Q
WHO definition of health
A
State of (multidimensional) well being, NOT just the absence of health
3
Q
How does health vary?
A
Varies among
-culture (schizophrenia and weight loss)
-historically (homosexuality and drug use
4
Q
Scientific era, health definition
A
-freedom from disease
-an increase of medical discoveries
5
Q
State of being
A
Is health
6
Q
Wellness
A
State of optimal wellbeing
-optimal multidimensional
-the way you feel about your health
7
Q
Disease
A
Objective state of ill health
-scientific
8
Q
Illness
A
Subjective and influenced by people and place
-socially
9
Q
Signs
A
Objective
-observable
10
Q
Symptoms
A
Subjective
-cannot directly observe
11
Q
Acute
A
Short term illness
12
Q
Chronic
A
Long term illness
13
Q
Impairment
A
Loss of ability or abnormality
14
Q
Disability
A
Restriction or lack of ability
15
Q
Disability models
A
Individual/medical and social
16
Q
Medical disability model
A
-medicalization
-adjustment
-personal problem
17
Q
Social disability model
A
-self help
-social change
-social oppression theory
18
Q
Medical modle
A
Body as a machine
-conventional
-absence of disease
19
Q
Holistic model
A
All parts of the person
-alternative
-recently integrated
20
Q
Wellness model
A
Medical and holistic
-changing and evolving
-individual responsibility
21
Q
Socioecological
A
Many factors affect health
22
Q
Eudamonistic model
A
Actualization (ones true self and potential)
-illness prevents actualization
23
Q
Salutogenic model
A
Origins of postive health
-facts that protect and better “good health”
24
Q
Conceptualizations of health
A
-stability
-actualization
-stability and actualizations
-rescource
-unity
25
Health as stability
Maintenance of physical, logical, functional and social norms
26
Health as actualization
Actualization of human potential
27
Health as stability and actualization
Realization of human potential thru goal directed behaviour
28
Health as rescource
Capacities to fulfil roles
-meet demands
-participate in everyday living
29
Health as unity
Reflecting the whole person as process
-self transcendence
30
Medical approach
Western thinking, medical intervention restores health
31
Behavioural approach
Environmental and human biological aspects of health incorporated
-responsibility for health on individual
32
Lalonde report
Health determinants include lifestyle, environment, human biology, organization of healthcare
33
Socioenviromental approach
Health is closely tied to social structures
-poverty and unhealthy enviroments
34
What was the lalonde report criticized for
Favouring high income, well educated, well employed Canadians
-victim blaming
35
Ottawa charter
Prerequisites for health
-such as peace, shelter and education
-beyond lifestyle, placing responsibility on society
36
Epp report
-enhancing coping
-reducing inequalities
-improving prevention
37
Pre/medical times
-Illness is sin
-Reliant on dietis for health
38
1800s
Medical theories and discoveries
-body is a machine
39
Virchow
Father of modern pathology
40
John snow
Cholera’s outbreak
-found out why
41
Louis Pasteur
Germ theory
42
19th to 20th
Discovering cures and focusing on science
43
Fallacy of specific etiology
Disease is caused by one thing
44
Objectification
Body is seen as broken parts that need to be fixed
45
Medical scientism
Science most superior form of knowledge in treating illness and disease
46
Reductionism
Focus on physical and microbes
-downplaying social and psychological aspects of illness
47
Biological determinism
Assumption that ones biology causes inferior
-social
-economic
-health status
48
Victim blaming
Blaming the paitents behaviours for illnesses and diseases
49
Thomas McKeown
Agriculture and better living contributes to better health (NOT MEDICINE)
50
Who began looking at the other models of health (social model of health)
Thomas McKeown
51
Three dimensions of social model of health
-societal production and distribution of H+I
-social construction H+I
-social organization of Health Care
52
Criticisms of social model
-push for social change
-overemphasis of harm of medical approaches
-underestimation of individual responsibility
53
Structure
Systems
-economic/political
54
Agency
Human agency
-social interaction
55
Structural functionalism
-society is a bunch of moving parts
-everyone has a specific job/role
-everyone NEEDS to do their role for society to function
56
Assumptions of structural functionalism
-good health and effective medical care are essential in society
-paitent: sick role
-paitent-physician relationship: hierarchical
57
Talcott Parsons (structural functionalism)
This is the SICK ROLE
-being sick is deviant
-there are rights and responsibilities
58
The sick role rights
-exempt from normal societal role/responsibilities
-due to illness
59
Responsibilities of the sick role
-get well
-seek health advice
-comply with treatment regimes
60
Criticisms of sick role
-only relevant to acute illness
-not relevant to illness and disability
-not necessarily consensus based
61
Symbolic interactionalism
-Focus is on agency
-subject to change
-reality is based on interactions with each other
62
Assumptions of symbolic interactionalism
-health and illness are social constructions
-what’s considered health or ill changes based on constructions
63
Medicalization
Previously non medical ideas now medical
-medical marijuna
64
Deviance
Differing from a norm or from accepted standards of a society
65
Criticisms of symbolic interactionalism
-tends to focus on micro level, rather than contextual level
-more descriptive than explanatory
66
Post modernism
-there is no ONE truth
-only different knowledge that varies over time
-subjective
-many viewpoints
67
Post modernism and healthcare
-many choices avalible for treatments
-globalization
-internet informed ppl
68
Health surveillance post modernism
-people carry out their own surveillance and choose their own treatment
-power has shifted
-rejection of science
69
Marxism
-materialism
-oppressing group vs controlling group
-physical well being + worldly possessions = value
70
Social production of disease
-morbidity and mortality higher among individuals doing routine types of work
71
Materialism
Seeing illness in individualistic terms rather than social and environmental
72
Feminism
-power difference between genders
-research often done on males
-gendered division of labours in healthcare
73
Critical race theory
-race differences in health status
-radicalized experience of both paitents and workers
-equity differences
74
Post colonialism
Conflict over power, land and resources
-still exists
75
Indigenous health
-death and illness assosciated with poverty and inadequate standards of living
-systemic structured racism
76
Social marketing
Commercial marketing principles to advance public good
-tackling poverty
77
Traditional methods to influence behaviours
Education and policy
78
Marketing principles
Research and evaluation
79
The four P’s
Product, Price, Place, Promotion
80
Product
Tangible (services and practices) and intangible (environmental protection and energy conservation)
81
Price
What must the consumer do to obtain the product
- is it worth it
82
Place
-way it reaches the consumer
-bathroom signs
83
Promotion
Use of advertising, public relations etc
-communication efforts
84
Public’s
External and internal groups
85
Partnerships
Other groups to partner with
-engage social marketing program
86
Policy
Support behaviour changes
87
Purse strings
Need to seek funding through grants
88
Life course
Understanding a persons life
-beginning with an event history
89
Cohort
Group of persons born at same historical time
-experience particular social changes
-at the same age
90
Life event
-significant occurrence involving abrupt change
-long lasting effects
91
Trajectory
-long term patterns
-multiple turning points and transitions
92
Turning point
-major change occurs in life trajectory
-lasting change
-obvious only after time passes
93
Transition
-occurs with trajectories
-changes in role or status
Example: starting school, getting married
94
Transition may be a turning point if
-followed by crisis
-conflict
-non typical age
95
British North American act
-gov role in health care is minimal
-split responsibilities between federal and provincial
96
Federal government healthcare responsibilities
-quarantines
-refugee claimants
-treat First Nations and Inuit
97
Flexner report
A push toward biomedical model
-male dominated
-scientific based practice
98
Tommy Douglas - Medicare
Medical services financed with taxes
-administered publicly
99
Medical care act
Provincial medical insurance, meeting four criteria
-comprehensive
-universal
-portable
-publicly administered
100
Why did the lalonde report emerge
People were dying despite medical interventions
101
ALMA ata declaration
Identified primary health care as key to health for all
102
Canada health act
Provinces and territories must meet
5 criteria
2 provisions
2 conditions
103
Provisions of Canada health act
-discourage financial contributions by paitents
104
Conditions of the Canada health act
-recognize federal payments
-provide information
105
Public administration: Canada health act
Program needs to be administer on non profit basis
-accountability
106
Comprehensiveness: Canada health act
Program must cover all medically necessary services
107
Universality: Canada health act
Every permanent resident is entitled to receive insured health care services
108
Portability: Canada health act
Provinces and territories must cover citizens when they are temporarily absent from their provincial residence in Canada
109
Accessibility : Canada health act
Reasonable access to services cannot be obstruction
-by discrimination
-or financial issues
110
Role of governments in healthcare
-health care financing
-administers health care services
-provide insurance
111
Health promotion
Enables people to increase their control over their own health
-and to improve health
112
Determinants of health
Things that affect peoples ability to have good health/health services
Indivudal and social factors that influence a populations health
113
Upstream vs downstream
114
Systemic racism
Whiteness and white superiority become embedded in the policies of Canadian institutions
115
Whiteness
System that advantages euro Canadians over BIPOC
116
Settler society
Societies rooted in western traditions
117
Health indicators
-used to measure health
Direct or indirect
118
Direct health indicators
Measuring blood pressure, respirations, heart rate
-disease rates, mortality rates
119
Indirect indicators of health
Social development, education levels, poverty indicators
120
Self rated health is considered to be
More reliable when indicating health status
121
Considerations for gathering population data
-definition
-validity
-accessible
-utility
122
Quantitative vs qualitative
Qualitative: quality of experiences/interpretation, subjective
Quantitative: controlled measurements, objective (BMI)
123
Epidemiology
Study of patterns of disease in the population
124
Health promotion related to epidemiology
Collaborative work to, improve health through various efforts
125
Health surveillance related to epidemiology
Collecting health data to track diseases and monitor
-promotes health
126
Health protection in relation to epidemiology
Protecting population from infectious disease and other health problems
127
Population health assessment related to epidemiology
Understanding the health of communities to create better services
-identify most effective outcomes
128
Disease and injury prevention related to epidemiology
Proving safe and health lifestyles to prevent illness and risk of infectious disease
-through investigation and preventative measures
129
Emergency prediction prepardness and response in relation to epidemiology
Planning for natural of human made disasters to minimize negative affects on health
130
Purpose of epidemiology
Identify risk factors and then
-prevention and treatment of disease
-distribution of health problems in the population
131
Life expectancy
Crude indicator of population health
-life expectancy at birth
132
Incidence
Disease or health condition refers to the number of individuals in a population who develop the condition during a specified time period
133
Prevalence
Refers to the total number of indivudals in the population who ha e the condition at a particular time
134
New people being diagnosed and entering the vessel is an example of…
Incidence
135
Indivudals with disese who die and leave the vessel is an example of…
Mortality
136
Number of people at any one time in the vessel represents…
Prevalence
137
Crude mortality rate
Total deaths from any cause in a given year in a population
138
Infant mortality rate
Total deaths of infants in a given year in a population
139
Potential years lost
Someone who dies earlier in life and how much longer they could have lived
-represents lost greater potential
140
Three elements of the epidemiological triangle
-host
-agent
-environment
141
Premise of the trans theoretical model of change
Behaviour change is an ongoing process not an event
142
Assumptions of the trans theoretical model of change
Indivudals have carrying levels of motivation of readiness to change
143
Three assumptions of trans theoretical model of change
-behaviour change is ongoing process not event
-varying levels of motivation
-varying information needs for each stage of change
144
Spiral pattern
-Precontemplation
-contemplation
-preparation
-action
-maintenance
-relapse
145
Precontemplation
-no intention to change
-unaware of problem
Not ready to change
146
Contemplation
-aware of problem
-thinking about overcoming
-but not committed to take action
147
Preparation
-prepared for action
-intending to take action in the near future
148
Action
-modifies their behaviour in order to overcome their problem
-requires time and commitment
149
Maintenance
-works to prevent relapse
-can last for six months to lifetime
-a continuation of change
150
Relapse
Resumption of old behaviours
151
Experiential process
-consciousness raising
-dramatic relief
-self reevaluation
-social liberation
152
Behavioural processes
-counterconditioning
-contingency management
-self liberation
-stimuli’s control
153
Experiential process : consciousness raising
Inc information about self and problem
-why change could be helpful
154
Experiential process: dramatic relief
Emotional arousal, experiencing and expressing feelings
155
Experiential process: self reevaluation
Assessing how one feels and thins about oneself
156
Experiential process: social liberation
Increasing alternatives for non problem behaviours avalible in society
157
Behavioural processes: self liberation
Choosing and committing to an act
158
Behavioural processes: counter conditioning
Substituting alternatives for problem behaviours
159
Behavioural processes: stimuli’s control
Avoiding stimuli that elicits problem behaviour
160
Behavioural processes: reinforcement management
Rewarding oneself or being rewarded by other
161
Self efficacy
Belief about ones own competence and ability to self regulate
162
High level of self efficacy
More likely to initiate and maintain the behaviour
163
Low level of self efficacy
Less likely to initiate and maintain the behaviour
164
Decisonal balance
Weighing the pros and cons of changing behaviours
-helps predict a persons stages of change
165
Population health approach
-measured by health status indicators
-address health inequities
