probability and corn

Question 1

Can corn produce male and female gametes?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

Can corn self pollinate and cross pollinate?

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

What is self-pollination?

Answer 3

When flowers can fertilize its ownself

Question 4

What is cross-pollination?

Answer 4

When flowers pollinate with other flowers

Question 5

How many chromosomes does corn have?

Answer 5

10

Question 6

Who was Gregor Mendel?

Answer 6

He was an Austrain monk that was interested in botany and biology. He also described the pattern of inheritance

Question 7

What was the pattern of inheritance?

Answer 7

Its where certain traits are dominant and recessive, with dominant traits masking the effects of recessive genes when present

Question 8

What plant did Gregor Mendel use?

Answer 8

The garden pea plant (14 chromosomes)

Question 9

What is a phenotype?

Answer 9

It is the physical (observable) appearance of an organism

Question 10

What is a genotype?

Answer 10

The genes (composition of DNA) of an organism

Question 11

What is a allele?

Answer 11

different versions of a gene

Question 12

What is a punnett square?

Answer 12

It is a graphical representation that allows us to predict the outcomes of the possible genotypes that an offspring can have after cross breeding

Question 13

Why did he chose to use garden peas?

Answer 13

They are self-pollinating, true-breeding, has 2 phenotypes, and have a short life cycle

Question 14

What is the P generation?

Answer 14

The parent generation with the initial genes

Question 15

What is the F1 generation?

Answer 15

The next generation after cross breeding the parent generation

Question 16

What is the F2 generation?

Answer 16

the next generation after cross breeding the F1 generation

Question 17

What does F1 stand for?

Answer 17

filial generation

Question 18

What is the offspring of the F1 generation?

Answer 18

100% heterozygous individuals, thus containing both alleles from parents and 100% exhibiting the dominant trait

Question 19

What is the offspring of the F2 generation?

Answer 19

will have an even amount of homozygous and heterozygous individuals but 75% will exhibit the dominant trait

Question 20

What is probability? (And/Then)

Answer 20

The likelihood of something happening or being the case

Question 21

What is binomial expansion?

Answer 21

It allows us to calculate probability without having to think of every sequence in which events occur.

Question 22

What is the formula for binomial expansion?

Answer 22

(a+b)^n

a is the probability of getting the first outcome

b is the probability

n is the number of individuals being tested

Question 23

We can use addition for what situations?

Answer 23

Either/or

Question 24

What does the X^2 test do?

Answer 24

X^2 test allows us to calculate deviations from observed and expected numbers to determine if this is due to chance or if it is statistically significant.

Question 25

What does the X^2 test help determine?

Answer 25

The probability value (p value). It has two outcomes. A value greater than 0.05 (5%) is considered insignificant. A value less than 0.05 (5%) is considered significant

Question 26

How do you calculate X^2

Answer 26

1. d=o-e 2. X^2= d^2/e 3. sum all X^2 next using the X^2 table determine p value

Question 27

What does o stand for?

Answer 27

observed value

Question 28

What does e stand for?

Answer 28

expected value

Question 29

What does d stand for?

Answer 29

degree of freedom. (the number of categories being measured (in this case phenotypes) minus one

Question 30

What are GMO's?

Answer 30

Genetically modified organisms which is any animal, plant, or microbe that has had their DNA altered using genetic engineering

Question 31

What is a pedigree?

Answer 31

It is a diagram that shows family history and relationships

Question 32

What is a proband?

Answer 32

a person that serves a starting point for the genetic study of the family

Question 33

What is genetic testing?

Answer 33

Any type of medical testing that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins

Question 34

What is cancer?

Answer 34

a collection of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and cells spread to surrounding tissues

Question 35

What are the 4 genes that can cause HNPCC if mutated?

Answer 35

MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2. Inheriting the genes does not guarantee you get the cancer

Question 36

What is HNPCC?

Answer 36

Hereditary nonpolyposis colocteral cancer also known as lynch syndrome.

Question 37

What does the colon do?

Answer 37

it is part of the large intestines and is responsible for removing water and electrolytes from digested foods

Question 38

How is cancer treated?

Answer 38

by looking under the microscope

Question 39

What are restriction enzymes?

Answer 39

Enzymes produced by bacteria that cleave DNA at specific sites

Question 40

True or false. You can put your hand in the buffer while the gel is running

Answer 40

False. NEVER

Question 41

What is the concentration formula for dilutions?

Answer 41

C1V1=C2V2 c = concentration v = volume

Question 42

For gel casting what happens if the agar is not melted properly?

Answer 42

The gel will be denser and cause inconsistency when running the gel.