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problem 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

nucleus

A

membrane bound structure that contains the cells genes + controls cells growth + reproduction

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2
Q

genome

A

haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete, consists of all genetic information instruction of cell (all chromosomes together)

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3
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells (skin cells,..)

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4
Q

germ cells

A

cells contain half the number of chromosomes (23), able to unite with one form of the opposite sex to form new a individual (gamete)

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5
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells (haploid) that only carry one copy of each chromosome

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

thread like structure of nucleic acids + proteins carrying the genetic information (DNA) in form of genes

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7
Q

autosome

A

any chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome

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8
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

cells with a nucleus enclosed with a membrane (e.g. mammals)

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9
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

cells that have no nucleus (DNA can be everywhere)

bacteria

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10
Q

mitosis (2n)

A

cell division that results in 2 daughter cells each having the same number + kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus (tissue growth)

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11
Q

meiosis (1n)

A

cell deviation that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (production of gametes)

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12
Q

nucleotides

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of 3 subunit molecules (nitrogenous base, 5-carbon-sugar and 1 or more phosphate groups)
(A-T/U, G-C)

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13
Q

backbone

A

sugar (desoxiribose in DNA & ribose in RNA)

+ phosphate groups

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14
Q

forward stand

A

5’ –> 3’ (direction which polymerase goes)

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15
Q

reverse compliment stand

A

3’ –> 5’

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16
Q

helicase

A

Enzymes that “unpackage” an organisms genes (open up the DNA so it can duplicate)

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17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules

essential for DNA replication

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18
Q

introns

A

Non-coding part of the DNA that stay in the nucleus + are removed by spliceosomes

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19
Q

exons

A

Coding part of the DNA that exit the cell nucleus + gets translated into RNA + then encodes the amino acids at the ribosomes

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20
Q

transcription

A

First step of gene expression in which a particular segment (the exon) of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

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21
Q

splicing

A

Editing of the precursor of mRNA (pre-mRNA / RNA) into mRNA with the removing of introns + the ligation (joining) of exons

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22
Q

translation

A

process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins with the help of tRNA that adds up the amino acids coded for by the mRNA

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23
Q

ribosomes

A

Molecular machine that serves protein synthesis, link amino acids together in the order specified by the mRNA
(translates mRNA with help of tRNA into amino acids)
(top + bottom part)

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24
Q

RNA

Study These Flashcards
A

ribonucleic acid, formed through transcription (does not have the nucleic acid thymine but instead uracil)

25
mRNA
Messenger RNA, which only contains the exons + leaves the cell nucleus in order to travel to the ribosomes
26
tRNA
transfer RNA that transports the amino acids and delivers them to the ribosomes when needed
27
amino acids
organic compounds containing amine + carboxyl functioning groups, building blocks of proteins
28
protein
made up of amino acids chain
29
triplet/ codon
set of 3 adjacent nucleotides that as a group (triplet) code for one specific amino acid
30
redundancy
situation in which a biochemical function (amino acid) is encoded by 2 or more different codons
31
central dogma in genetics
Flow of genetic information within a biological system, which goes only in one direction + not the other: DNA makes RNA + RNA is transcripted into mRNA which makes (via translation) proteins
32
pleiotropy
a gene has multiple effects
33
polygenic trait
many genes contribute to a single effect
34
polymorphism
the occurrence of more than one form in the same population of a species (variation/ mutation)
35
DNA-methylation
process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule --> can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence
36
gene mutation
Permanent alteration in the DNA sequence such that it differs from what is found in most people, can differ in size (single base pair to large part of a chromosome/ multiple genes)
37
frameshift
Mutation caused by the addition or deletion of one or more base pairs in the DNA of a gene resulting in a wrong translation of the genetic code + mutated proteins
38
types of mutations
``` point mutation slippage transposition chromosomal mutations mutagens frameshift mutation ```
39
point mutation
affecting only 1 or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence
40
slippage
Mutation leading to trinucleotide or dinucleotide expansion or contraction during DNA replication. A slippage event normally occurs when a sequence of repetitive nucleotides is found at the site of replication
41
transposition
chromosomal segment is transferred to a new position on the same or another chromosome
42
synonymous mutation
Change in the DNA sequence that codes for amino acids in a protein sequence but does not change the encoded amino acid. Due to the redundancy of the genetic code
43
non-synonymous mutation
Mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein
44
epigenetics
study of mechanisms that change gene expression by modifying DNA without modifying its sequence of bases, this change must be heritable
45
methylation
Process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription
46
histone modification
Covalent post-translational modification (PTM) to histone proteins which includes methylation and can impact gene expression by altering chromatin structure or recruiting histone modifiers
47
genetic linkage
Tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction
48
recombination
Production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. In eukaryotes, genetic recombination during meiosis can lead to a novel set of genetic information that can be passed on from the parents to the offspring
49
dominant genes
rule over others and that are (if present) expressed in the phenotype (capital letters A)
50
recessive genes
overruled (small letters a)
51
gaussian curve of human nature
Bell curve with “normal” + most common behaviour around the mean/ peak + extreme behaviours to the left + right ends
52
nucleotide
Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of 3 subunit molecules: nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar and (at least) one phosphate group
53
codon
The nucleotide triplet that codes for an amino acid in Translation
54
diploid cell
cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes (46) --> 2n
55
haploid cell
cell that has 1 set of chromosomes (egg/ sperm cells) (23) --> 1n
56
zygote
first cell of a new organism
57
chromation
consists of DNA curled around histones
58
genotype
Underlying genes which characteristics are not observable with mere eyes
59
phenotype
expression of genotype --> observable with eyes

evolution & genetics (5 decks)

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