Problem 5 - Transfer Of Knowledge

Question 1

Transfer

Answer 1

• something learned in one situation, affects how a person performs in another
• 2 processes: learning something + the later use/application of what has been learned.
• it takes places across different dimensions
• difficult to define, situated learning partly true

Question 2

Positive transfer

Answer 2

Learning in one situation makes it easier to learn/perform in another
- reading widely helps with comprehension.

Question 3

Negative transfer

Answer 3

Learning in one situation hinders a person’s ability to learn/perform in another
- shift vs automatic cars

Question 4

Vertical transfer

Answer 4

Acquiring new knowledge/skills by building on basic information/procedures
- learning additions before multiplications

Question 5

Lateral transfer

Answer 5

Knowledge on one subject helps but is not essential for learning another.
- knowing Spanish and learning Italian

Question 6

Near transfer

Answer 6

• Two situations that are similar in both their superficial characteristics and underlying relationships
• mock exam: a question, actual exam: same question

Question 7

Far transfer

Answer 7

• Two situations that are similar in their underlying relationships but different in their superficial features.
• Math exercise involving calculating speed, but one with train and one with animals.

Question 8

Specific transfer

Answer 8

• Learning task and transfer task overlap in some way
• speaking dutch and german

Question 9

General transfer

Answer 9

• Learning task and transfer task are different in both content and structure
• knowledge about latin and physics

Question 10

Low road transfer

Answer 10

Automatic transfer of practiced skills

Question 11

High-road transfer (forward/backward reaching)

Answer 11

Conscious application of abstract knowledge in a new situation. You look at similarities and connections between two situations.
1. Forward reaching: one learns something and applies it at a later time.
2. Backward reaching: the material is used to look back at a previous situation in order to understand the new situation.

Question 12

Abstraction mechanism

Answer 12

• builds on thorndike
• Transfer would occur when there are identical elements within different contexts.

Question 13

Affordance mechanism

Answer 13

Transfer depends on action schemes that result from action possibilities of a situation
Environment helps transfer

Question 14

Historical perspective of transfer

Answer 14

• mind is a muscle that needs to be strengthen
• general transfer

Question 15

Early behaviorist perspective (Thorndike’s)

Answer 15

• 2 situations need identical elements.
• rejects general transfer + formal discipline

Question 16

Late behaviorist perspective

Answer 16

• builds on thorndike
• equality of stimuli + responses
• similar responses to same stimulus = positive transfer
• different responses to same stimulus = negative transfer
• same responses + different stimulus = some positive transfer

Question 17

Information processing perspective

Answer 17

• need to retrieve something learned in a useful time.
• current situation + stored knowledge need to be in the WM at the same time.
• Presence/absence of retrieval cues influences what information is retrieved in the WM.

Question 18

Contextual perspective

Answer 18

• Assumes situated learning
• What is learned is situation specific
• transfer is unlikely to occur in different situations
• rejects general transfer

Question 19

Current perspective

Answer 19

• lies between the two extremes
• general transfer is less common than specific
• you have to learn to learn

Question 20

Factors facilitating transfer: meaningful learning

Answer 20

Connecting new + old information

Question 21

Factors facilitating transfer: careful learning

Answer 21

Better understanding

Question 22

Factors facilitating transfer: similarities

Answer 22

Similarities

Question 23

Factors facilitating transfer: principles

Answer 23

General rules/principles vs specific/discrete facts

Question 24

Factors facilitating transfer: examples

Answer 24

Examples + practice

Question 25

Factors facilitating transfer: time

Answer 25

Less time the better

Question 26

Factors facilitating transfer: cultural environment

Answer 26

Encouragement from cultural environment

Question 27

Factors facilitating transfer: Practice

Answer 27

Practice

Question 28

Strategies for positive transfer

Answer 28

1. Hugging > desired results = low-road 2. Bridging > close attnetion to characteristics/connections/mind-fullness = high-road 3. Abstraction > differences

Question 29

Article: situated learning and education

Answer 29

Influence of situated learning in education

Question 30

Situated learning

Answer 30

- whats learned is specific to the situation its learned it. - mis-match between school and real-world = no transfer. Emphasis on relationship between whats needed and whats learned.

Question 31

1st claim

Answer 31

= Action is linked to the concrete situation = rejected - the context-dependency effect: remember more in the situation u learned it in. (Depends on explanations - examples help)

Question 32

2nd claim

Answer 32

= No transfer of knowledge between two things = rejected - There can be high, medium, low, negative transfer depending on the situation + reliability of experience. - Amount of transfer depends on degree of practice + representation of tasks. - Amount of transfer also depends on where the attention is drawn to.

Question 33

3rd claim

Answer 33

= training through abstraction would be of little use = rejected. - can be effective and lead to more transfer - later situations would have to be specific - combination works best + problems should be authentic

Question 34

4th claim

Answer 34

= instructions must take place in complex, social environments = rejected - exercise in a complex setting can increase motivation, but it should not be the only form of exercise. - negative consequences of social learning (in groups) have also been discovered = sucker effect.

Question 35

Conditions for transfer

Answer 35

- thorough + varied practice - explicit abstraction - active self-monitoring - arousing mindfullness = self-monitoring + explicit abstraction - metaphors/analogies

Question 36

Instructional practices

Answer 36

- PBL - CoP: communities of practice (similar interest = form group where leadership is important) - CA: cognitive apprenticeship (expert models + explanations = students participate) - GBL: game based learning + simulations (increase understanding of the world.