Problem 7 Groups and leadership

Question 1

Groups (definition)

Answer 1

Two or more people who share a common definition and evaluation of themselves and behave in accordance with such a definition

1. A collection of individuals who interact with another
2. A social unit of two or more persons who perceive themselves as belonging to a group
3. A collection of individuals who are interdependent
4. A collection of people who joint together to reach a goal
5. People who are trying to satisfy their needs by joining a group
6. People who’s interactions are structured by a set of roles and norms
7. A collection of individuals who influence each other

Question 2

Social facilitation

Answer 2

An improvement of well learnt easy tasks and visca versa in the mere presence of the same species

Question 3

Uncertainty-identity theory

Answer 3

To reduce uncertainty and feel more comfortable they join groups with clear attitudes and consensual norms

Question 4

Transactive memory

Answer 4

People remember who remembers what and who is an expert in certain topics
→discuss responsibility
→relative experience
→access of information

Question 5

Group mind

Answer 5

Idea that people adopt a qualitatively different mode of thinking when in a group

Question 6

What kind of groups?

Answer 6

• Intimacy groups
• Task groups
• Social categories
• Loose association

Question 7

Common-bond groups

Answer 7

Groups based on the attachment among members

→personal goals are more salient than group goals (preferred by women)

Question 8

Common-identity groups

Answer 8

groups based on the attachment to the group
→group goals are more salient than personal goals because the group provides an important source of identity (preferred by men)

Question 9

Social aggregates

Answer 9

Random people who don’t know each other (people waiting for a bus)

Question 10

Crosscuting categories

Answer 10

when subgroups represent larger categories that have members outside their larger group
→Schism: Division of a group in subgroups which differ in attitudes, values or ideology (can be caused by lack of voice)

Question 11

Individualists

Answer 11

State that people behave like they used to when they are alone in groups

Question 12

Collectivists

Answer 12

state that there are some social processes which only occur in groups

Question 13

Roles

Answer 13

Patterns of behaviour that distinguish between different activities within the group, and that interrelate to one another for the greater good for the group. (Roles are not people but behavioural prescriptions that are assigned to people)
→informal (friends) /formal (work)

Question 14

Leadership role

Answer 14

Getting group members to achieve the groups goals

Question 15

Task specialists

Answer 15

The ideas people, who get things done (more likely to be a leader)

Question 16

Socioemotional

Answer 16

People who are liked by everyone because they address relationships in the group

Question 17

Membership statuses

Answer 17

• Non-member: prospective member who hasn’t joint the group and ex-members who have left the group
• Quasi-member: new members who hasn’t attained full status and members who lost their full-member status
• Full-member: People who are closely identified with the group and have all the privileges and responsibilities associated with a full-membership
• Marginal member: Somebody who doesn’t embodies the groups attitudes (often disliked and sometimes the Blacksheep)

Question 18

Entitativity

Answer 18

The property of a group that makes it seems like a connected, obvious and unitary entity

Question 19

Cohesiveness

Answer 19

The property of a group that actively binds people, as group members, to one another and to the group as a whole, giving the group a sense of solidarity and oneness
→the factor that transfers an aggregate to a group

Question 20

Group socialisation

Answer 20

Dynamic relationship that describes the passage of a member through different roles and commitments inside the group

Question 21

Norms

Answer 21

Attitudinal and behavioural similarities that define group membership and differ between groups
→It can happen that even there is no original member in the group anymore they still follow the norms of the original member

Question 22

Moraility

Answer 22

Moral principles are fundamental organising principles for our behaviour, which regulate behavioural activation (approach) and behavioural inhibition (avoidance)

Question 23

Three basic processes

(How to become a group member

Answer 23

1. Evaluation: Comparing the rewards you can earn in this group. While the group members evaluate if the goals and norms of the group work out with the ones of the candidate
2. Commitment: A commitment of the individual to the group and the other way around. (Norms, goals, attitudes) Has to be balanced otherwise it can create instability)
3. Role transition: changing roles from non-member to quasi-member to full-member

Question 24

Initiation rites

Answer 24

An often painful and embarrassing procedure to mark group members movements from on role to another

Question 25

Audience effects

Answer 25

The effect of an audience on individual task performance

Question 26

Drive theory

Answer 26

States that physical presence of members of the same species leads to individually learned dominant patterns which will display in public even stronger because it is the first thing that comes to your mind

Question 27

Evaluation apprehension model

Answer 27

States that presence of the same species causes drive because people are afraid of being evaluated

Question 28

Distraction-conflict theory

Answer 28

The physical presence of members of the same species is distracting and produces conflict between attending to the task and attending to the audience

Question 29

Ringelmann effect

Answer 29

The individual effort decreases when the size of the group decreases

Question 30

Social loafing

Answer 30

The individual effort decreases when you do a collective task which is mixes the effort of all compared to individual task where the effort is not mixed with others (motivation loss) (evaluation apprehension theory)

Question 31

Social compensation

Answer 31

Increasing effort on a collective task to compensate the incompetence or loafing of other group members

Question 32

Frame of mind | group

Answer 32

When they are in groups people rely on the groups mean rather than on their own frame of mind

Question 33

Self-categorization

Answer 33

How the progress of categorization themselves as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviour

Question 34

Social identify theory

Answer 34

Theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorization, social comparison and the construct of a shared self-definition in terms of ingroup-defining properties

Question 35

Process loss

Answer 35

The decrease in group performance compared to individual performance due to the whole range of possible interferences among members

Question 36

Coordination loss

Answer 36

The decrease in group performance compared to individual performance due to problems in coordinating behaviour

Question 37

Distributive justice | decision making

Answer 37

The fairness of an outcome of a decision

Question 38

Procedural justice | decision making

Answer 38

The fairness of the procedure used to make a decision

Question 39

Social decisions schemes

Answer 39

Explicit or implicit decision making rules that relate individual opinions to a final group decision →Strictness: refers to the amount of agreement required by the rule →Distribution of power among members refers to how authoritarian the role is.

Question 40

Social transition scheme

Answer 40

Method charting step-by-step changes in members opinions as group moves towards a final decision

Question 41

Production blocking

Answer 41

reduction of individual creativity and productivity caused by interruption and turn taking

Question 42

Illusion of group effectivity

Answer 42

The experience-based belief that we produce more and better ideas in groups than alone

Question 43

Risky-shift

Answer 43

When groups recommend more risky decision than they would have done as individual

Question 44

Group polarisation

Answer 44

The tendency for groups to produce more extreme group decisions that the mean of all members is (is changing your attitudes)

Question 45

Persuasive arguments theory

Answer 45

States that people get persuaded by novel information that supports their initial position, leads to more extreme in their endorsement to their own position.

Question 46

Cultural values theory

Answer 46

People adopt cultural values from their group for social approval reasons

Question 47

Normative decision theory

Answer 47

A contingent theory of leadership that focuses on the effectiveness of different leadership styles in group decision-making context. →autocratic →consultative (allows suggestions but has the last word) →group decision making

Question 48

Mere presence

Answer 48

Refer to an entirely passive and unresponsive audience which is only physical present

Question 49

Distraction-conflict theory

Answer 49

Even an audience who cannot see what you are doing can be distracting and can impair your performance

Question 50

Task taxonomy

Answer 50

Group tasks can be classified according to whether a division of work is possible, whether there is a predetermined standard to be met and how an individuals inputs can be contribute

Question 51

Free-rider effect

Answer 51

when somebody puts less to none effort in a task because he knows that the group will incur his effort

Question 52

Why do we loaf

Answer 52

1. Output equity: We believe that everybody is loafing so we do it as well 2. Evaluative apprehension: When we are anonymous in a group we don’t have to bother with evaluating 3. Matching to standard: When we don’t know what the norm or standard is we lean back and loaf

Question 53

Personal attraction

Answer 53

Liking someone for their individual preferences and interpersonal relationships

Question 54

Social attraction

Answer 54

Liking someone based on common group membership and and determined by the persons importance for the group

Question 55

Communication network

Answer 55

Regulates the ease or possibility or communication between different roles on a group

Question 56

Subjective group dynamics

Answer 56

Members of a group who deviate toward an outgroup are more disliked and harshly treated than those who deviate away from an outgroup

Question 57

Social ostracism

Answer 57

Exclusion from a group by common consent

Question 58

Groupthink

Answer 58

When in high cohesive groups an unanimous agreement overrides rational decision making

Question 59

Reasons for group roles

Answer 59

1. They represent a division of labour, only in the simplest groups is there no division of labour 2. They furnish clear-cut social expectations within the group and provide information about how members relate to one another 3. They furnish people with a self-definition and a place within the group

Question 60

Expectation status theory

Answer 60

Theory of the emergence of roles as a consequence of peoples status based expectations about others performance

Question 61

Specific status characteristics

Answer 61

Attributes that relate directly to ability on the group task (e.g. being a good athlete in a sports team)

Question 62

Diffuse status characteristics

Answer 62

Attributes that are not directly related on the group task but are generally positively or negatively valued in society (e.g. being healthy) → low status leads to yielding in both cases

Question 63

Great person theory

Answer 63

Perspective on leadership that attributes effective leadership to innate or acquired individual characteristics

Question 64

Big five

Answer 64

The five major personality dimensions of extraversion/surgency, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and intellect/openness to experience important for leader

Question 65

Leadership styles

Answer 65

1. Autocratic leaders: Leaders who use a style based on giving orders to followers 2. Democratic leaders: Leaders who use a style based on consultation and obtaining agreement and consent from followers 3. Laissez-faire leaders: Leaders who use a style based on disinterest in followers

Question 66

Initiating structure

Answer 66

defining group objectives and organizing members work towards the common goal (task orientated)

Question 67

Consideration

Answer 67

concerned with the welfare of subordinates

Question 68

Fiedlers contingency theory

Answer 68

distinguish between task orientated leaders which lay their focus on task achievement and relationship orientated leaders who lay their focus on a warm relationship for their followers

Question 69

Least-preferred co- worker (LPC) scale

Answer 69

measuring leadership styles in term of favourability attitude towards the least preferred co-worker → high LPC indicates relationship oriented leadership style (favourable inclined towards the co-worker) →low LPC indicates task oriented leadership style (harsh/poorly to the co-worker)

Question 70

Situational control | connected to LPC

Answer 70

classification of task characteristics in terms of how much control effective task performance requires

Question 71

Path-goal theory

Answer 71

A contingency theory which focuses on how structuring and considerational behaviours motivate followers (leaders function is to come up with a path)

Question 72

Transactional leadership

Answer 72

Approach to leader ship that focuses on the transaction of resources between leader and followers. Also a style of leadership

Question 73

Idiosyncrasy credit

Answer 73

Hollander transactional theory, in which followers reward the leader for reaching goals by allowing them to be relatively idiosyncratic (show conformity in the beginning to gain the trust of your followers and than introduce changes)

Question 74

Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory

Answer 74

describes how the quality of exchange relationship can between leaders and followers can vary

Question 75

Transformational leadership

Answer 75

Approach to leader ship that focuses on the way that leaders transform group actions and goals, mainly through the exercise of charisma

Question 76

Multifactor leadership questionnaire

Answer 76

scale for measuring transactional and transforming leadership

Question 77

Charismatic leadership

Answer 77

Leadership style based upon the leaders possession of charisma

Question 78

Leadership categorization theory (LCT)

Answer 78

We have several schemas about how different types of leaders behave. When a leader is categorized as a certain type the schemas fills details about how the leader will behave

Question 79

Status characteristics theory

Answer 79

Theory that followers attribute greater influence to leaders who possess both task-relevant characteristics and characteristics of a high status group in society

Question 80

Social identity theory of leadership

Answer 80

Development of social identity theory to explain leadership as an identity process whereby in salient groups prototypical leaders are more effective than less prototypical leaders

Question 81

Group value model

Answer 81

Procedural justice within groups makes members feel valued, and thus leads to enhanced commitment to an identification with the group

Question 82

Relational model of authority in groups

Answer 82

How effective authority in groups rest upon fairness and justice based relations between leader and follower

Question 83

Regency

Answer 83

An order of presentation where the last arguments have a stronger influence on social cognition