problem roulette exam 4 Flashcards by Paige Rawitscher

Which of the following dehydrogenation reactions do NOT contribute NADH to Complex I?

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Malate dehydrogenase

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

glutamate dehydrogenase

acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

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Which enzyme passes electrons directly or indirectly to coenzyme Q without pumping protons?

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

All options are correct

Succinate dehydrogenase

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

All options are correct

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From the choices below, select the one which is NOT shared between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation

involvement of cytochromes.

proton pumping across a membrane to create electrochemical potential.

use of iron-sulfur proteins.

chlorophyll.

participation of quinones.

chlorophyll

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The action of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction (in the direction indicated) is likely to be fully active in the ________ during __________.
The liver, after a meal

The liver, starvation

The muscle, starvation

The liver, intense exercise

The muscle, intense exercise
Submit

The liver, after a meal

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Glutamate is metabolically converted to α-ketoglutarate and NH4+ by a process described as:

deamination.

oxidative deamination.

transamination.

reductive deamination.

hydrolysis.

oxidative deamination.

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Fully reduced Electron Transferring Flavoprotein passes its electrons to Coenzyme Q. In what metabolic pathway was ETF reduced by an adenine nucleotide electron carrier?

Glyoxylate Pathway

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Glycolysis

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

Kreb’s Cycle

Beta-oxidation of fatty acids

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Under times of metabolic stress, what is the correct order of use of BioMolecules in catabolic pathways to ensure enough energy is produced to get through the stress?

Monosaccharides, fatty acids, polysaccharides, amino acids, triglycerides

Polysaccharides, monosaccharides, triglycerides, amino acids.

Fatty acids, monosaccharides, triglycerides, amino acids

Fatty acids, monosaccharides, polysaccharides, amino acids, proteins

Monosaccharides, polysaccharides, triglycerides, amino acids.

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During oxidative phosphorylation, the proton motive force that is generated by electron transport is used to:

reduce O2 to H2O.

generate the substrates (ADP and Pi) for the ATP synthase.

create a pore in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

induce a conformational change in the ATP synthase.

oxidize NADH to NAD+.

induce a conformational change in the ATP synthase.

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in the mitochondria a motive force for ATP/ADP exchange is the __________ and for importing inorganic phosphate into the matrix is the ___________.

membrane potential (negative in the matrix), proton gradient

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Where in the chloroplast is Plastocyanin located?

On the lumenal side of the stromal membranes

On the stromal side of the membranes

On the outside of the outer membrane

On the Inside of the outer membrane

On the cytoplasmic side of the chloroplast

On the lumenal side of the stromal membranes

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How many carbon dioxide molecules are fixed in the Calvin Cycle in order to produce one glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

None, the Calvin Cycle does not fix carbon

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Which of the following statements about aminotransferases is true?

The PLP cofactor alone can accelerate the rate of the reaction almost as much as the full PLP-enzyme complex

The aminotransferase reaction is essentially irreversible

The enzyme requires that both the donor amino acid and the acceptor a-ketoacid are bound simultaneously

A single aminotransferase is able to catalyze amino group transfer to a-ketoglutarate from any of the 20 amino acids

PLP is covalently linked to the enzyme for the entire reaction cycle

The PLP cofactor alone can accelerate the rate of the reaction almost as much as the full PLP-enzyme complex

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The active site of the first enzyme in carbon fixation in C3 plants coordinates a magnesium ion. Which amino acid is NOT involved in this coordination?

All of these amino acids coordinate the magnesium.

His

Lys

Asp

Glu

His

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During the initial charging step of fatty synthesis, a(n) ________ group is covalently linked to a _________ of acyl carrier protein.

Malonyl; biotin prosthetic group

Malonyl; cysteine

Acetyl; cysteine

Malonyl; phosphopantetheine prosthetic group

Acetyl; biotin prosthetic group

Acetyl; phosphopantetheine prosthetic group

Malonyl; phosphopantetheine prosthetic group

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In the bacterial pheophtyin-quinone reaction centers, how are P870’s electrons replaced?

From a tyrosine radical

Oxidation of H2S

Oxidation of water by the oxygen-evolving complex

Oxidation of NADH

They do not have to be replaced because this reaction center is in a cyclic electron transfer pathway.

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Which prosthetic group is found on all aminotransferases?

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

Flavin adenine nucleotide (FAD)

Lipoate

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

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Glutamine synthetase converts _____ to _____ whereas glutamate synthase converts ____ to _____.

glutamate; glutamine; α-ketoglutarate; glutamate

asparagine; glutamine; α-ketoglutarate; glutamate

α-ketoglutarate; glutamine; oxaloacetic acid; glutamate

α-ketoglutarate; glutamine; α-ketoglutarate; glutamate

formate; glutamine; ammonia; glutamate
Submit

glutamate; glutamine; α-ketoglutarate; glutamate

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If all the Acytyl-CoA used to synthesize a palmitate (C16) fatty acid are in the mitochondria, there will be an additional expense in fatty acid synthesis of up to ________.

2 ATP

8 ATP

16 ATP

7 ATP

14 ATP

16 ATP

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Cholesterol is synthesized from:

lipoic acid.

malate.

choline.

oxalate.

acetyl-CoA.

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Which of the following electron carriers is lipid soluble?

All of these

Plastocyanin

Flavin nucleotides

Ubiquinone

Cytochrome c

Ubiquinone

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In the mitochondrial shuttles, NADH and acetyl-CoA are carried across the mitochondrial membrane as “equivalents.” NADH is carried across the membrane as _________, and acetyl-CoA is carried across the membrane as _______.

citrate; malate

malate; pyruvate

pyruvate; citrate

citrate; malate

malate; citrate
Submit

malate; citrate

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All aminotransferases have the same prosthetic group. Please identify it from the list below.

FAD

Vitamin B12

Coenzyme A

Biotin

Pyridoxal phosphate

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Which of the following is NOT required for the synthesis of Cholesterol from its initial precursor?

Coenzyme A

NADPH

ATP

Carbon dioxide

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What is the important intermediate at a branch point that leads to either AMP or GMP synthesis?

AICAR

Inosinate

Folate

Chorismate

Xanthylate

Inosinate

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The first intermediate in cholesterol synthesis which contains all the carbon atoms which will eventually form the four fused ring cholesterol backbone is Activated Isoprene acetyl-CoA squalene mevalonate lanosterol

squalene

The following enzyme in the palmitate synthesis pathway is positively regulated by citrate: HMG-CoA reductase Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Malonyl/Acetyl-CoA-ACP transferase Enoyl-ACP reductase Ketoacyl synthase

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Which of the following molecules are negative regulators of fatty acid synthesis? Citrate Epinephrine Palmityl-CoA II and III only None of these I only I and II only III only

II and III only

The following molecules are produced by the first phase of the Q cycle: Ubiquinol (fully reduced) Semiquinone radical Ubiquinone (fully oxidized) II and III only I only I, II, and III I and II only I and III only

II and III only

When the [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio in plants is high, photophosphorylation is primarily cyclic. What is/are the major product(s) of photophosphorylation in this circumstance? ATP + NADPH ATP O2 NADPH

ATP

After each round of acyl chain elongation, the new acyl chain moves from Detroit to Miami Beach when the snow starts ACP to KS Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA ACP to Malonyl CoA KS to ACP

ACP to KS

In cholesterol synthesis, the first molecule in the synthetic pathway that possesses a sterol nucleus is: Lanosterol Isoprene Mevalonate Squalene Cholesterol

Lanosterol

Which of the following is involved in mitochondrial electron transport and not in electron transport in chloroplasts? Cytochrome c oxidase Plastoquinone Cytochrome B6/f Coenzyme Q Iron-Sulfur Centers (Clusters)

Cytochrome c oxidase

Which of the following would NOT supply NADPH (from NADP+) that could be used for anabolic pathways? Malic Enzyme All of the above produce NADPH Beta-Oxidation Photosynthesis Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Beta-Oxidation

Head-group Exchange is a strategy used for the synthesis of Membrane phospholipids Leukotrienes Cholesterol Triacylglycerols Palmitate

Membrane phospholipids

In Photosystem II, which of the following directly oxidizes the Mn4CaO5 cluster? A tyrosine radical Water A special chlorophyll in the P680 reaction center An exciton Oxygen (O2)

A tyrosine radical

What prosthetic group is required by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, covalently linked to a Lys residue? Vitamin B12 Biotin FADH2 Cardiolipin Tetrahydrofolate

Biotin

Which of the following chemical transformations regulates Rubisco? Decarboxylation Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation Reduction/Oxidation Carbamoylation Protonation

Carbamoylation

Coenzyme Q and cholesterol synthesis share which common precursor? Squalene NADH Malonyl-CoA Activated Isoprene Lanosterol

Activated Isoprene

The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen is costly with respect to energy, and only certain organisms undergo nitrogen fixation. How many molecules of ATP are required to fix one N2 into 2 NH4+? 4 2 32 8 16

The synthesis of arginine starts with the amino acid , and uses reactions from the . glutamine; citric acid cycle glutamine; urea cycle glutamate; urea cycle glutamate; citric acid cycle glutamate; glyoxylate cycle

glutamate; citric acid cycle

Succinate dehydrogenase is dysfunctional in a species of garden slug. While its metabolism is compromised on a number of levels, it can still undergo oxidative phosphorylation. What is the maximal P/O ratio for these organisms if NADH is used as an electron source? 1.5 1 2 4 2.5

2.5

Which of the following enzymes is present in the Calvin cycle, but not present in either glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway? Aldolase Transketolase Ribulose 5-phosphate kinase Phosphoglycerate kinase Transaldolase

Ribulose 5-phosphate kinase

For the synthesis of one molecule of palmitate, the fatty acid synthase complex (in isolation) consumes the following reagents: 8 malonyl CoA, 14 NADPH 1 acetyl CoA, 7 malonyl CoA, 16 NADPH 1 acetyl CoA, 7 malonyl CoA, 14 NADPH 8 acetyl CoA, 14 NADPH 8 malonyl CoA, 16 NADPH

1 acetyl CoA, 7 malonyl CoA, 14 NADPH

Which of the following is a role for the transmembrane domain of the ATP Synthase at the end of the Respiratory Chain? Contains the ADP/ATP binding site Contains the catalytic domain for the ATPase Contains the FMN that provides protons for ATP synthesis Contains the proton pore Contains the electron transport pore

Contains the proton pore

Many plants synthesize several different photopigments. With respect to photophosphorylation, the reason for this is: Photopigments with different absorption maxima can absorb photons from the entire visible spectrum If the reactants to synthesize chlorophyll are not available, other photopigments can replace chlorophyll in the photosystems This provides several alternate routes of electron entry to the photosystems Plants synthesize different photopigments depending on the nutrients available The different standard reduction potentials of different photopigments allow them to operate under a variety of different redox conditions

Photopigments with different absorption maxima can absorb photons from the entire visible spectrum

The Oxygen Evolving Complex produces ____ electrons and pumps ____ H+ into the thylakoid lumen for every O2 produced. 2, 8 4, 4 8, 8 4, 2 2, 4

4, 4

Consider the following diagram showing feedback inhibition in the biosynthesis of amino acids. Which of the following types of regulation are observed in the lysine biosynthesis pathway? Concerted inhibition Sequential inhibition Enzyme multiplicity I and III III only I and II I only I, II and III

I, II and III

What structure, molecule or system replenishes the “electron hole” created in the P680 Reaction Center due to exciton transfer? P700 FADH2 NADH Oxygen evolving complex Ferridoxin

Oxygen evolving complex

The following enzyme is the most important site of regulation for fatty acid biosynthesis: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Ketoacyl reductase Ketoacyl synthase Malonyl/Acetyl-CoA-ACP transferase Enoyl-ACP reductase

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

The carbon skeletons of ketogenic amino acids may be incorporated directly into ____________, whereas the carbon skeletons of glucogenic amino acids may be incorporated directly into _____________. LaTeX: \alphaα -Ketoglutarate; Citrate and Malate Malonyl-CoA; Citrate and DHAP LaTeX: \alphaα -Ketoglutarate; Acetyl-CoA Succinyl-CoA and LaTeX: \alphaα -Ketoglutarate; Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA; Succinyl-CoA and LaTeX: \alphaα -Ketoglutarate

Acetyl-CoA; Succinyl-CoA and α -Ketoglutarate

Which important intermediate of cholesterol synthesis, beginning with acetate, is itself transformed by three successive phosphoryl group transfer reactions? Acetoacetyl-CoA Isoprenes Mevalonate Squalene Lanosterol

Mevalonate

CMP, UMP, and TMP all have _____ as a common precursor. glutamine aspartate adenosine inosine S-adenosyl methionine

aspartate

Which of the following terms describes leptin? Steroid hormone Paracrine hormone Eicosanoid hormone Autocrine hormone Endocrine hormone

Endocrine hormone

Free nitrogen (ammonia) can be incorporated into ___________ yielding __________ at a cost of ______________. alpha -ketoglutarate, glutmate, 1 ATP aspartate, asparagine, 1 ATP glutamine, glutamate, 1 ATP glutamate, glutamine, 1 ATP glutamate, glutamine, 1 NAD(P)H

glutamate, glutamine, 1 ATP

If all the electrons used in the reductive steps of the synthesis of a palmitate (C16) fatty acid were instead fed into the respiratory chain for ATP synthesis, there could be a net production of up to _______ ATP. 20 17.5 35 40 28

Which of the following amino acids is the main carrier of nitrogen through the bloodstream during normal metabolic load? Glu Asn Gln Arg Ala

Gln

In the urea cycle, fumarate is produced by the following enzyme: Arginase Argininosuccinate synthetase Argininosuccinase Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase Ornithine transcarbamoylase

Argininosuccinase

Which of the following molecules in photophosphorylation is NOT an integral membrane protein? Light Harvesting Complex Photosystem I Photosystem II Cytochrome b6f complex Plastocyanin

Plastocyanin

Which of the following statements describes insulin? A “bottom-up” metabolic regulator that leads to a decrease in blood glucose levels A peptide hormone that signals that blood glucose is low A “top-down” metabolic regulator that leads to a decrease in blood glucose levels A “bottom-up” metabolic regulator that signals that blood glucose is low A “top-down” metabolic regulator that leads to an increase in blood glucose levels

A “bottom-up” metabolic regulator that leads to a decrease in blood glucose levels

Amytal is a barbituate that inhibits Complex I of the electron transport chain. Which of the following might happen if amytal is present in mitochondria: Increased levels of NADH ATP is not synthesized QH2 is not produced II and III only II only I, II, and III I and II only I only

I only

Pyrimidine nucleotides are synthesized de novo from what amino acid and using what extra source of energy? Asp and ATP Asn and NADPH Ser and ATP Glu and NADH Asp and GTP

Asp and ATP

An amino acid that does not derive its carbon skeleton, at least in part, from α-ketoglutarate is: threonine. arginine. proline. glutamate. glutamine.

threonine.

Electrons in photosystem I come from _____; electrons in photosystem II come from _____. O2; Photosystem I H2O; Photosystem I Photosystem II; H2O Photosystem II; O2 NADPH, Photosystem 1

Photosystem II; H2O

On which side of the chloroplast membrane is the ATP Synthase active site? On the cytoplasmic side On the lumenal side of the stromal membranes On the Inside of the outer membrane On the outside of the outer membrane On the stromal side of the membranes

On the stromal side of the membranes

The molecule exported from the mitochondria to feed into fatty acid synthesis also regulates ___________and ______________. Fatty acid synthase and PFK-1 carnitine acyltransferase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase Fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase PFK-1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase PFK-1 and carnitine acyltransferase

PFK-1 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase

The Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photophosphorylation Uses a Manganese Complex rather than Magnesium to remove electrons from molecular oxygen Passes 4 electrons to P680+ and passes 4 protons to the chlorplast stroma Passes 4 electrons to P700+ Links PSII with PSI through a pair of Cytochrome molecules Accepts electrons and produces molecular oxygen, plus pumps 4 protons to the thylakoid lumen

Accepts electrons and produces molecular oxygen, plus pumps 4 protons to the thylakoid lumen

Which of the following nucleic acid derivatives is used in large amounts for fatty acyl chain synthesis? FMN NADP+ NADH ACP NADPH

NADPH

Nitrogen disposal via the urea cycle involves the input of ATP at two places, including a key adenylyl transfer reaction. What is the enzyme that catalyzes the adenylyl transfer? Ornithine transcarbamoylase Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Argininosuccinate synthetase Arginosuccinase

Argininosuccinate synthetase

Some herbicides inhibit electron transfer to plastocyanin. Which of the following is a likely effect of this herbicide? ATP synthesis continues, but NADPH is not formed NADPH synthesis continues, but ATP is not formed ATP synthesis and NADPH synthesis are both prevented The oxygen-evolving complex cannot donate electrons to Photosystem II Excessive heat is generated, causing enzyme denaturation

ATP synthesis continues, but NADPH is not formed

In certain tissues, the yield of ATP from _______________ is reduced due to the use of the ___________________ rather than the _________________ for transport of electrons into the respiratory chain. FADH2, glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, malate-aspartate shuttle NADH, glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, malate-aspartate shuttle FADH2, malate-aspartate shuttle, glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle NADH, malate-aspartate shuttle, glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle NADH, glyceraldehyde-3-phoshate shuttle, malate-aspartate shuttle

NADH, glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle, malate-aspartate shuttle

Which of the following is NOT a fate of glucose-6-phosphate in the fed state? Synthesis of ribulose-5-phosphate Conversion to glycogen Oxidation via glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and the respiratory chain Dephosphorylation to glucose Conversion to acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis

Dephosphorylation to glucose

Which of the following characterizes C4 plants? Low starch concentration in leaf cells, low light conditions, wet and humid environment High photorespiration rate, high metabolic rates, high water loss Low water loss, growth in high light/tropical conditions, high photosynthetic rates High water loss, high photosynthetic rates, high metabolic rates

Low water loss, growth in high light/tropical conditions, high photosynthetic rates

About how many protons are passively transported through the F1/Fo complex in order to phosphorylate one molecule of ADP? (Assume 9 c subunits in Fo.) 4 2 2.5 3.5 3

Which of the following is TRUE about the reaction shown? This reaction takes place in the cytosol of liver cells This reaction is catalyzed by a transcarbamoylase The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is not a major regulatory point Glutamate is an allosteric activator of the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction This reaction accounts for the consumption of half of the high energy phosphoryl groups required to convert ammonium to urea

This reaction accounts for the consumption of half of the high energy phosphoryl groups required to convert ammonium to urea

When the [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio in plants is low, photophosphorylation is primarily non-cyclic. What is/are the major product(s) of photophosphorylation in this circumstance? I. ATP II. NADPH III. O2 All of these II and III I only II only I and III

II and III

For which group of molecules below is Inosinate (IMP) an important intermediate? Amino Acids derived from 3-phosphoglycerate the deoxyribonucleic acids Purine nucleotides Pyrimidine nucleotides Amino acids derived from alpha-ketoglutarate

Purine nucleotides

Consider the following Z-diagram. Which of the following statements is NOT true?P680* has a higher electron affinity than P700* The manganese cluster of the oxygen complex can be oxidized four times before it oxidizes water Pheophytin (pheo) has a higher electron affinity than plastocyanin Δ G of electron transfer from Fd to cytochrome b6f complex is negative Without absorption of a photon, promotion of an electron from P680 to P680* would have a positive Δ G

Pheophytin (pheo) has a higher electron affinity than plastocyanin

If an uncoupler is added to the mitochondrial membrane, which of the following would NOT be an expected consequence? An increase in temperature An increase in the electrical potential across the mitochondrial membrane A decrease in the measured P/O ratio An increase in oxygen utilization A decrease in the amount of ATP produced per mole of glucose consumed

An increase in the electrical potential across the mitochondrial membrane

Place the following electron-carriers into the proper order as found in plant chloroplasts. 1) Cytochrome b6f complex 2) Plastocyanin 3) P700 4) P680 5) NADPH 2, 1, 3, 4, 5 4, 2, 5, 1, 3 1, 3, 4, 2, 5 4, 1, 2, 3, 5 3, 2, 4, 1, 5

4, 1, 2, 3, 5

What is the P/O ratio for mitochondrial oxidation using NADH? 2 1.5/2/.5 2.5 3 3/2

2.5

The urea cycle involves the movement of the following two molecules across the mitochondrial membrane: Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine Arginine and ornithine Citrulline and ornithine Carbamoyl phosphate and citrulline Citrulline and arginine

Citrulline and ornithine

Expressing thermogenin (UCP1) generates heat because: None of the options are correct. It uncouples electron transport from pumping protons, causing the electrons to release their potential energy as heat. It uncouples F1 and Fo causing rapid ATP hydrolysis which releases heat. It uncouples Oxygen reduction from proton transport. It uncouples proton transport from ATP production, causing the protons to release their potential energy as heat.

It uncouples proton transport from ATP production, causing the protons to release their potential energy as heat.

Fatty acid synthesis requires _____________ for each round, while beta oxidation yields _______________ for each round. NADPH; FADH2 NADPH; NADH 2 NADPH; 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH; 2 NADH 2 NADH; 1 FADH2 and 1 NADPH

2 NADPH; 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH

What is the result of activation of Complex I of the Respiratory Chain? 4 Protons are pumped from the intermembrane space to the Matrix NADH gets reduced Electrons accepted from NADH are passed to FAD QH2 becomes oxidized 4 protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space

4 protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space

_______________ are synthesized as inactive _______________ and secreted to the stomach where _____________ activates them for degradation of dietary amino acids. proteases, zymogens, phosphorylation proteases, zymogens, low pH zymogens, proteases, low pH zymogens, proteases, high pH proteases, zymogens, phosphorylation

proteases, zymogens, low pH

Carbamoyl phosphate is an important intermediate in the synthesis of which of the following groups of molecules? Amino acids derived from Pyruvate Aromatic amino acids Deoxyribonucleotides Pyrimidines Purines

Pyrimidines

The cellular ATP/ADP ratio controls the rate of: Oxidative phosphorylation The TCA cycle Glycolysis I and II I and III I, II and III I only II and III

I, II and III

Chemical uncouplers of photophosphorylation have been identified. Like mitochondrial uncouplers, these agents cause an increase in temperature of plant tissue. Which of the following is another likely metabolic consequence of a partial uncoupler of photophosphorylation: NADPH synthesis is halted Protons accumulate in the thylakoid lumen Via regulatory mechanisms, the plant increases the ratio of cyclic to non-cyclic pathways Protons move more rapidly from stroma to the thylakoid lumen Oxygen consumption increases

Via regulatory mechanisms, the plant increases the ratio of cyclic to non-cyclic pathways

The major pathways of Ammonium Assimilation lead to the synthesis of which one of the following amino acids? Ser Phosphoenolpyruvate Gly Asp Gln

Gln

The Glucose-Alanine Cycle performs what specific role in metabolism? Transport of Urea to the Urinary tract Production of ATP and NADH when the Citric Acid Cycle is low on intermediates Catabolism of Glucose to produce the precursors for several amino acids, including Ala Transport of amino groups to the liver in a non-toxic form Transfer of Ala to smooth muscle where it is converted to Oxaloacetate

Transport of amino groups to the liver in a non-toxic form

What molecule is central to carbohydrate (i.e. sugar) metabolism in the liver, being at a crossroads of at least 5 important possible fates and whose concentration controls regulatory enzyme activity in each of those fates? Glutamate Acetate Glucose 6-phosphate NADPH ATP

Glucose 6-phosphate

Which of the following statements about aminotransferases is true? PLP is covalently linked to the enzyme for the entire reaction cycle The PLP cofactor is always bound to the enzyme with a covalent bond A single aminotransferase is able to catalyze amino group transfer to a-ketoglutarate from any of the 20 amino acids The enzyme requires that both the donor amino acid and the acceptor a-ketoacid are bound simultaneously The aminotransferase reaction is readily reversible

The aminotransferase reaction is readily reversible

How many malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA are necessary to produce 1 molecule of Palmitate? 1 Malonyl-CoA and 7 Acetyl-CoA 7 Malonyl-CoA and 7 Acetyl-CoA 7 Malonyl-CoA and 1 Acetyl-CoA 1 Malonyl-CoA and 8 Acetyl-CoA 1 Malonyl CoA and 8 Acetyl-CoA

7 Malonyl-CoA and 1 Acetyl-CoA

A new electron carrier has been discovered. It directly passes 4 electrons to ubiqinol. How many ATPs is this carrier worth when fully charged? 1.5 ATPs 3 ATPs 6 ATPs 2 ATPs 2.5 ATPs

3 ATPs

Malonyl-CoA for acyl chain synthesis is produced by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. What prosthetic group is required for this enzyme? NADH Biotin Transcobalamin Magnesium Thiamine pyrophosphate

Biotin

The component of plant reaction centers which is most analogous in function to Complex III in oxidative phosphorylation is: Plastocyanin Ferredoxin:NADP oxidoreductase Cytochrome b6f complex pheophytin Cytochrome c2

Cytochrome b6f complex

What is the result of one round of electron transport by Complex I of the Respiratory Chain? QH2 becomes oxidized NADH gets reduced 4 Protons are pumped from the Intermembrane space to the Matrix 4 protons are pumped from the Matrix to the intermembrane space Electrons accepted from NADH are passed to FAD

4 protons are pumped from the Matrix to the intermembrane space

The compartment of the chloroplast which is analogous to the intermembrane space of the mitochondria is: thylakoid membrane stroma outer membrane thylakoid lumen granal stacks

thylakoid lumen

What is the main regulatory mechanism on Purine Synthesis? Feedback inhibition, mostly by monophosphates Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the first enzyme of the pathway Inhibition of the formation of AICAR Limitation of the starting reactant, which comes from Glycolysis Competitive inhibition by Pyrimidine diphosphates

Feedback inhibition, mostly by monophosphates

Inosinate (IMP) serves as a precursor in pathways that generate which of the following? Asp Fumarate NADH Thymidine Cytosine

Fumarate

Which of the following is the proper order of electron transport between Photosystem II and Photosystem I in higher plant membranes? Pheophytin, plastocyanin, plastoquinone Plastoquinone, Cytochrome b6/f, plastocyanin Chlorophyll a, plastocyanin, plastoquinone Cytochrome Q, Cytochrome a, Cytochrome c Plastocyanin, plastoquinone, iron-sulfur center

Plastoquinone, Cytochrome b6/f, plastocyanin

A transaminase uses alpha-ketoglutarate and the molecule shown below as a substrate. The products of the reaction are glutamate and ______________.Glycerate alpha-ketoglutarate Oxaloacete Carbamate Pyruvate

Pyruvate

What is the form of sulfur that is incorporated into Cys (using Serine)? Sulfate Sulfide Sulfite H2S

Sulfide

Which of the following actually leaves a Photochemical Reaction Center, a critical reaction in Photophosphorylation? A molecule of cytochrome c An electron A hydride ion A molecule of oxygen (O2) A photon of light

An electron

Passing two electrons from glycerol-3-phosphate through the respiratory chain yields: 6 ATP 10 ATP 1.5 ATP None of the other answers is correct 2.5 ATP

1.5 ATP

If a plant cell chloroplast has an excess of NADPH relative to ATP, it would be logical to adjust the photosynthetic pathway such that: (Refer to the following image if necessary.) The light harvesting complex associates more tightly with photosystem II thus favoring the noncyclic mode. The light harvesting complex associates more tightly with photosystem II thus favoring the cyclic mode. The light harvesting complex associates more tightly with photosystem I thus favoring the cyclic mode. None of these other answers would apply The light harvesting complex associates more tightly with photosystem II thus favoring the noncyclic mode.

The light harvesting complex associates more tightly with photosystem I thus favoring the cyclic mode.

The key regulatory step in cholesterol biosynthesis is catalyzed by: Acetyl CoA carboxylase Mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase HMG-CoA reductase Phosphomevalonate kinase HMG-CoA synthase

HMG-CoA reductase

The following electron carriers are capable of transporting exactly one electron except: Ubiquinone FeS cluster Cytochrome c Plastocyanin CuA

Ubiquinone

In fatty acid synthesis, the step catalyzed by fatty acid synthase immediately after the dehydration step is: (The squiggle indicates the covalent linkage to ACP).

For the following two half reactions: Cytochrome c (Fe3+) + e– LaTeX: \rightarrow cytochrome c (Fe2+) E' (V) = 0.220 FAD + 2H+ + 2e– LaTeX: \rightarrow FADH2 E' (V) = -0.219 We would expect the spontaneous complete reaction to be:

2 Cytochrome c (Fe3+) + FADH2 -> 2 cytochrome c (Fe2+) + FAD + 2H+

Which of the following molecules is NOT used in the reaction that produces Carbamoyl Phosphate, the nitrogen carrier, in the Urea Cycle? Bicarbonate Ammonia ATP All of the above molecules are used by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Coenzyme A

Coenzyme A

Which is the correct path electrons follow in the oxygen evolving complex? H2O, Tyr, Mn, P680 H2O, Mn, Tyr, P680 O2, Tyr, Mn, P680 O2, Mn, Tyr, P680 P680, Tyr, Mn, H2O

H2O, Mn, Tyr, P680

In comparing fatty acid biosynthesis with β oxidation of fatty acids, which of the following statements is incorrect? A thioester derivative of crotonic acid (trans-2-butenoic acid) is an intermediate in the synthetic path, but not in the degradative path. Fatty acid biosynthesis uses NADPH exclusively, whereas β oxidation uses NAD+ exclusively. The condensation of two moles of acetyl-CoA in the presence of a crude extract is more rapid in bicarbonate buffer than in phosphate buffer at the same pH; the cleavage of acetoacetyl-CoA proceeds equally well in either buffer. Fatty acid degradation is catalyzed by cytosolic enzymes; fatty acid synthesis by mitochondrial enzymes. A thioester derivative of D-β-hydroxybutyrate is an intermediate in the synthetic path, not in the degradative path.

Fatty acid degradation is catalyzed by cytosolic enzymes; fatty acid synthesis by mitochondrial enzymes.

What amino acid serves as a reactant in most transamination reactions for amino acid synthesis? Ala Arg Gln Gly Glu

Glu

One amino acid directly involved in the purine biosynthetic pathway is: tryptophan aspartate. glutamate. leucine. alanine.

aspartate

The cellular respiration rate is regulated by ADP. This is an example of which regulatory mechanism? Sequential Inhibition Mass action Acceptor control Concerted regulation Feedback regulation

Acceptor control

For every CO2 incorporated into 3-phosphoglycerate by Rubisco, ____________ is/are consumed (not counting ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate or water). 2 ATP no other molecules 1 NADPH 1 ATP and 1 NADPH 1 ATP

no other molecules

Which of the following is an alternative route of entry into the electron transport chain that bypasses both complex I and complex II and transfers electrons directly to ubiquinone? Malate dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase

Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

What important intermediate is the first in the purine synthesis pathway that has a complete double ring structure? AICAR Acetolactate Inosinate Spermidine Squalene

Inosinate

A 30-carbon precursor of the steroid nucleus is: lysolecithin. farnesyl pyrophosphate. geranyl pyrophosphate. squalene. isopentenyl pyrophosphate.

squalene

When the following reaction occurs in peripheral tissues (non-muscle) under normal turnover of cellular amino acids (not starvation conditions), a likely fate of the product shown in the upper right is: Oxidative deamination to immediately release the nitrogen. Immediate entry into the Urea cycle Incorporation of a second nitrogen (at the expense of 1 ATP) prior to export to the bloodstream. Direct export to the bloodstream for processing in the liver

Incorporation of a second nitrogen (at the expense of 1 ATP) prior to export to the bloodstream.

Which one of these is most commonly used as a reducing agent in the cell to facilitate fatty acid synthesis? NADP+ FADH2 NAD+ NADH NADPH

NADPH

In amino acid catabolism, the first reaction for many amino acids is a(n): decarboxylation requiring thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). hydroxylation requiring NADPH and O2. transamination requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). reduction requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). oxidative deamination requiring NAD+.

transamination requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).

Which of the following does NOT describe a physiological consequence of high blood glucagon levels? Polymerization of fatty acid synthetase Decreased activity of phosphofructokinase in the liver Inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase Increased activity of glycogen phosphorylase Glucose released to the blood

Polymerization of fatty acid synthetase

The product of arginosuccinase that does not contain nitrogen: Directly contributes electrons to the electron transport chain Is directly transported across the mitochondrial membrane Directly feeds into the citric acid cycle Can be utilized in purine biosynthesis Can be converted into malate via the action of cytosolic fumarase for transport into the mitochondria

Can be converted into malate via the action of cytosolic fumarase for transport into the mitochondria

The synthesis of DNA requires deoxyribonucleotides derived from ribonucleotides by reduction. What molecule provides the reducing equivalents for this reaction? FADH2 NADP+ NAD+ NADPH NADH

NADPH

Consider the following diagram of absorption spectra of various pigments. Which order is the most likely path for the flow of exciton transfer? Lutein --> chlorophyll a --> chlorophyll b Phycocyanin --> Phycoerythrin --> beta-carotene beta-carotene --> phycoerythrin --> phycocyanin chlorophyll b --> phycocyanin --> phycoerythrin beta-carotene --> Lutein --> phycoerythrin

beta-carotene --> phycoerythrin --> phycocyanin

I add an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration that prevents electron transfer to cytochrome c. Which of the following outcomes is the most likely? Buildup of both QH2 and NADH; decreased oxygen consumption Buildup of QH2 but not NADH, increased oxygen consumption Normal levels of QH2 and NADH; decreased oxygen consumption Normal levels of QH2 and NADH; increased oxygen consumption Buildup of QH2 but not NADH; decreased oxygen consumption

Buildup of both QH2 and NADH; decreased oxygen consumption

Which pair of amino acids would you expect to have essentially identical synthesis pathways (parallel reactions, same chemistry), differing only by the identity of one of the starting substrates? Trp, Tyr Val, Ile Ser, Cys Asp, Gln Thr, Ser

Val, Ile

The overall reaction: QH2 + 2 cyt c (ox) + 2HN+ --> Q + 2cyt c (red) + 4HP+ is catalyzed by which electron transfer complex? Complex II Complex IV Complex III ATP synthase Complex I

Complex III

What product from glycogen catabolism in very active skeletal muscle is sent to the liver through the blood as a part of the Cori Cycle? NADH Lactate (or Lactic Acid) Glucose Ketone Bodies ATP

Lactate (or Lactic Acid)

Which of the following statements is/are correct about purine synthesis? I. GTP is required for the synthesis of AMP. II. ATP is required for the synthesis of AMP. III. GTP is required for the synthesis of GMP. IV. ATP is required for the synthesis of GMP. II only IV only III only I only I and IV II and IV

I and IV

In ATP synthase, the interaction of stalk with a beta-subunit in the F1 complex contributes to ATP synthesis by: Decreasing the free energy for formation of a phosphodiester bond between ADP and Pi Increasing the free energy for protons to cross the membrane Allowing the c-ring to rotate with a free energy of ~0 Increasing the free energy of ATP dissociation from the beta subunit Decreasing the free energy of ATP dissociation from the beta subunit

Decreasing the free energy of ATP dissociation from the beta subunit

Identify the correct order of the four biochemical mechanisms that are repeated many times to produce Palmitate from Acetyl-CoA and Malonyl-CoA Dehydration, Reduction, Condensation, Reduction Reduction, Condensation, Reduction, Dehydration Condensation, Reduction, Reduction, Dehydration Reduction, Dehydration, Reduction, Condensation Condensation, Reduction, Dehydration, Reduction

Condensation, Reduction, Dehydration, Reduction

Which of the following important intermediates of cholesterol synthesis is missing from this list taken from the four summary steps: Acetate, Squalene, Cholesterol? CDP-choline Methyl-malonyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA Mevalonate Phosphatidic Acid

Mevalonate

The difference between C-3 and C-4 plants is The number of steps in the Calvin Cycle in one type of plant versus the other type of plant The number of CO2 molecules required by cells with these pathways to keep the concentration of Oxaloacetate constant in the Kreb’s Cycle The number of carbons that are in the initial compound into which carbon is fixed The total number of carbons that are removed as CO2 by one turn of the Calvin Cycle in each plant type The number of carbons in the final Cycle products of Calvin Cycle for different plants

The number of carbons that are in the initial compound into which carbon is fixed

Which of the following statements best describes the reactions of the Third Stage of Carbon Assimilation? Dihydroxyacetone phosphate is used to produce either starch or sucrose Triose phosphates are converted to pentose phosphates Triose phosphates are reduced to form glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Decarboxylation of pentose phosphates to produce oxaloacetate Carbon dioxide is incorporated into a pentose

Triose phosphates are converted to pentose phosphates

In the Urea Cycle, ________ made in the cytosol is passed into the mitochondria, which is converted in the next step to _____________ which is then passed back to the cytosol. Ornithine, Citrulline Citrulline, Ornithine Ornithine, Argininosuccinate Ornithine, Carbamoyl phosphate Citrulline, Carbamoyl phosphate

Ornithine, Citrulline

The strategy of using multiple isozymes to catalyze an early shared step in amino acid synthesis, each of which is subject to a unique set of allosteric effectors is referred to as: Uncompetitive inhibition Sequential inhibition Enzyme multiplicity Concerted inhibition Feedback inhibition

Enzyme multiplicity

What is the final electron acceptor in Oxidative Phosphorylation? Cytochrome c Carbon dioxide Water Hydrides Molecular oxygen

Molecular oxygen

Which process occurs in photosynthesis? I. Carbon atoms in CO2 become reduced. II. Oxygen atoms in water become oxidized. III. NADP is reduced to NADPH by electron transport processes. III only II only None of these processes occur in photosynthesis. I only I, II and III

I, II and III

Precursors for the biosynthesis of the pyrimidine ring system include: glycine and succinyl-CoA. glycine, glutamine, CO2, and aspartate. glutamate, NH3, and CO2. carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate. inosine and aspartate.

carbamoyl phosphate and aspartate.

Flavin mononucleotide Biotin Phosphopantethiene Pyridoxal phosphate Lipoic Acid

Pyridoxal phosphate

If a person's urine contains unusually high concentrations of urea, which one of the following diets has he or she probably been eating recently? High carbohydrate, very low protein Very low carbohydrate, very high protein Very high carbohydrate, no protein, no fat Very high fat, very low protein Very very high fat, high carbohydrate, no protein

Very low carbohydrate, very high protein

Heme groups are prosthetic groups in which Complex? F1/Fo Particles Oxygen Evolving Complex Complex I Complex III Phosphate translocase

Complex III

How many protons must be pumped across the membrane in order to make 1 molecule of ATP? (Consider all processes. Assume, as we did in class, that the c-ring of Fo has 9 subunits). 3 4 2.5 10 6

Cytochrome c is a mobile electron carrier that moves among Complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Which Complexes does it move between? IV and the F1/Fo ATPase I and III III and IV II and IV II and III

III and IV

Most bacteria can synthesize all twenty amino acids. But certain mutant strains, known as “auxotrophs” are unable to synthesize a particular amino acid, and require the addition of that amino acid to their growth media in order to grow well. A glycine auxotroph would fail to synthesize glycine, as well as the following molecule: Serine Cytosine Nucleotides Guanine nucleotides Cysteine 3-phosphoglycerate

Guanine nucleotides

Reactions catalyzed by which of the following proteins do NOT contribute electron carriers to the electron transport chain? Succinate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

The synthesis of amino acids often involves transamination reactions, resulting in the synthesis of which Kreb’s Cycle intermediate? Alpha-ketoglutarate Malate Oxaloacetate Fumarate Citrate

Alpha-ketoglutarate

Which of the following is true of non-cyclic phosphorylation in photosynthesis? The same electrons used by the oxygen evolving complex are not used for ADP phosphorylation. ADP phosphorylated by Cfo/CF1 is transported from chloroplasts and not used by them, so there is no phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycle Activated electrons from NADP+ reduction are passed through Plastocyanin to reduce P700+ NADH donates electrons to reduce P680, causing phosphorylation of ADP Molecular oxygen is evolved and NADP+ is reduced

Molecular oxygen is evolved and NADP+ is reduced

Which of the following is involved in Photophosphorylation and NOT Oxidative Phosphorylation Cytochrome c Cytochrome B6f Coenzyme Q Iron-Sulfur Centers (Clusters) Copper Centers

Cytochrome B6f

You add carbamoyl phosphate with an isotopically-labelled nitrogen to the cell. Which of the following nucleotides will contain the nitrogen label? None of these CTP ATP GTP

CTP

The initial reaction in the REDUCTIVE phase (Stage 2) of the Calvin cycle is the reverse of a particular reaction in another pathway. What is the driving force for this reaction in the Calvin cycle? This reaction uses Mg2+ and the elevated concentration of Mg2+ during the day helps to drive it forward This reaction is favorable due to the high concentration of ATP made in the light reactions of photosynthesis. This reaction is favorable due to the high concentration of NADPH made in the light reactions of photosynthesis. In the direction it runs in the Calvin cycle, there is a large and negative LaTeX: \DeltaΔ G'0 so the reaction is naturally favorable. Submit

This reaction is favorable due to the high concentration of ATP made in the light reactions of photosynthesis.

In photosynthesis, absorption of light energy in chloroplast “light reactions” ultimately leads to: absorption of O2 and release of CO2. absorption of CO2 and release of O2. hydrolysis of ATP and reduction of NADP+. use of iron-sulfur proteins. synthesis of ATP and oxidation of NADPH.

absorption of CO2 and release of O2.

How many reducing equivalents are transferred to molecular oxygen for the ten protons pumped out of the inner mitochondrial membrane by Complexes I through IV? 10 2 6 1 4

Identify which of the following is not present in chloroplasts but is present in mitochondria Electron transport system Porphyrin rings DNA Matrix Iron-Sulfur centers (clusters)

Matrix

Onto which side of the mitochondrial membrane, or into which space, are protons actively pumped during electron transport? Into the Cytoplasm Into the Lumen Into the Stroma Into the Lamellae Into the Intermembrane Space

Into the Intermembrane Space

There is a defect in Complex III of some mitochondria that prevents protons frombeing pumped to the intermembrane space by this complex. All other complexes apparently function normally. How many total protons are pumped during oxidative phosphorylation in these mutant mitochondria if the initial electrons come from NADH? 10 6 4 8 2

If ornithine labelled with 15N is added to cells actively metabolizing amino acids, which of the following molecules will be rapidly labelled with 15N? Urea Arginine Citrulline I only III only All of these II and III only II only

II and III only

The order of the key intermediates in cholesterol synthesis is: activated isoprenes, mevalonate, squalene, lanosterol mevalonate, activated isoprenes, squalene, lanosterol activated isoprenes, mevalonate, lanosterol, squalene mevalonate, activated isoprenes, lanosterol, squalene mevalonate, squalene, activated isoprenes, lanosterol

mevalonate, activated isoprenes, squalene, lanosterol

What molecule is the ultimate electron donor in Photophosphorylation? Chlorophyll NADH Water Oxygen Carbon Dioxide

Water

Why are Reaction Centers named as such? (That is, why are they called Reaction Centers? They release an electron, meaning they participate in oxidation-reduction They split water They produce molecular oxygen They produce carbon dioxide They capture an exciton of light

They release an electron, meaning they participate in oxidation-reduction

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the following molecule: In the mitochondria shuttle system, this molecule is generated in the matrix via oxidation of malate This molecule is transported across the mitochondrial membrane by a shuttle system This molecule is a direct carbon precursor to alanine, cysteine, and glycine This molecule can be converted to pyruvate in a single enzymatic step This molecule is the alpha-keto acid of glutamate

In the mitochondria shuttle system, this molecule is generated in the matrix via oxidation of malate

The final reaction in synthesizing dNTPs is catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase. This enzyme will: Reduce the 2' OH on an NTP using 2 electrons Oxidize the 3' OH on an NTP releasing 2 electrons Catalyze the hydrolysis of the 2'OH from an NTP. Oxidize the 3' OH on an NTP releasing 2 electrons Reduce the 3' OH on an NTP using 2 electrons

Reduce the 2' OH on an NTP using 2 electrons

The synthesis of Cysteine from Serine requires ___ electrons to reduce sulfate to sulfide. 2 10 4 6 8

Refer to the following diagram of the plant photosystems. Which of the following statements is FALSE? To synthesize a molecule of NADPH, photons must be absorbed at both P680 and P700 Electron transfer in PSI can contribute to ATP synthesis or NADPH synthesis Photon absorption decreases the electron affinity of the reaction center Cytochrome b6f has a higher standard reduction potential than ferridoxin P700 has a higher electron affinity than P680.

P700 has a higher electron affinity than P680.

When the ΔG'° of the ATP synthesis reaction is measured on the surface of the ATP synthase enzyme, it is found to be close to zero. This is thought to be due to: stabilization of ADP relative to ATP by enzyme binding. a very low energy of activation. enzyme-induced oxygen exchange. None of the above stabilization of ATP relative to ADP by enzyme binding.

stabilization of ATP relative to ADP by enzyme binding.

The product of the following reaction (indicated with ???) has which of the following uses? it can be converted into another amino acid in a one-step reaction All choices are correct. It can be used to make Arginine It can be directly fed into the Urea cycle It can be incorporated in proteins

All choices are correct.

Which of the following is true regarding Ubiquinone? It must accept two protons and 4 electrons to go from a fully reduced to a fully oxidized state. None of the above statements is true regarding Ubiquinone It is assigned to neither Complex II nor Complex III since its role is to function as a carrier between them It can accept one electron to become a relatively stable radical It contains one FAD and one iron-sulfur center

It can accept one electron to become a relatively stable radical

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the major regulatory point for cholesterol synthesis. I. It is immediately after reactions which are shared with the formation of ketone bodies. II. It is at a step where 2 NADPH molecules are consumed. III. A coenzyme A molecule is released. IV. It introduces a branch point in a linear molecule. IV only All of the choices are true. II only III only I only

IV only

What vertebrate organ/tissue is responsible for production of large amounts of Ketone Bodies from ketogenic amino acids? Muscle Kidney Liver Brain Intestine

Liver

Eukaryotic cells synthesize which of the following from CDP-diacylglycerol? Sucrose Starch Glycerol Phospholipids Cholesterol

Phospholipids

Conversion of ornithine to citrulline is a step in the synthesis of: tyrosine. urea. pyruvate. aspartate. carnitine.

urea.