Problem Solving and Intelligence

Question 1

Intelligence

Answer 1

the cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, reason well, remember important information, and cope with the demands of daily living

Question 2

Assumptions for intelligence

Answer 2

involves ability to perform cognitive tasks, and capacity to learn from experience and adapt

Question 3

Deductive reasoning

Answer 3

person works from ideas and general information to arrive at specific conclusions

Question 4

Inductive

Answer 4

move from specific facts and observations to broader generalizations and theories

Question 5

Functional fixedness

Answer 5

our difficulty seeing alternative uses for common objects

eg. candle problem

Question 6

Reliability

Answer 6

measures the extent to which repeated testing produces consistent results

Question 7

Validity

Answer 7

measures the extent to which a test is actually measuring what the researcher claims to be measuring

Question 8

Francis Galton

Answer 8

performed a study on reaction time;

established the modern study of intelligence

Question 9

Alfred Binet

Answer 9

produced first intelligence scale for children;
30 short tasks related to everyday life that were assumed to involve reasoning;
Lewis Terman further adapted the scale

Question 10

Charles Spearman

Answer 10

single type of intelligence (g), which includes vocabulary, math, special abilities etc.;
advocated that only individuals with a certain “g” should be allowed to vote and reproduce

Question 11

Howard Gardner

Answer 11

multiple intelligences = linguistic, mathematical, rhythmic, spatial, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic;
each type of intelligence is independent from the others

Question 12

Wechsler scales

Answer 12

standardized to produce an intelligence quotient for each individual;
scoring is based on results of large samples of individuals;
mean receives a score of 100;
standard deviation of 15

Question 13

Identical and fraternal twins

Answer 13

identical = +0.8 correlation, fraternal = +0.6 correlation

identical raised in different environments = +0.73 correlation

Question 14

Flynn effect

Answer 14

the observation that raw IQ scores have been on the rise; may be due to increase in quality of life

Question 15

Assimilation

Answer 15

incorporation of new information into existing schemas

Question 16

Accommodation

Answer 16

modifying existing schemas to fit incompatible information

Question 17

Decalage

Answer 17

children sometimes develop some skills out of order of Piaget’s stages of development

Question 18

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 18

(0-2)
begins to recognize that he can affect change on his environment;
object permanence = realization that objects continue to exist when no longer visible

Question 19

Preoperational stage

Answer 19

(2-7)
egocentric; 
difficulty with seriation tasks; 
difficulty with reversible relationships;
struggle with conservation tasks

Question 20

Concrete operational stage

Answer 20

7-12)
child’s schemas are still concrete and based on experiences with the world;
unable to think in abstract terms or reason based on hypotheses

Question 21

Formal operational stage

Answer 21

(12+)

can do everything that makes up the range of adult cognitive abilities

Question 22

Confirmation bias

Answer 22

our tendency to seek out information that supports our hypothesis;
testing a hypothesis involves seeking data that could both confirm and refute it

Question 23

Availability bias

Answer 23

our tendency to make decisions based on the information that is most quickly available to us

Question 24

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 24

tendency to assume that what we are seeing is representative of the larger category we have in our mind

Question 25

Bounded rationality

Answer 25

cognitive limitations prevent humans from being fully rational

Question 26

Rational vs emotional factors

Answer 26

``` rational = price, quality, feature, reliability, warranty; emotional = look, feel, esteem, brand, safety, fear ```

Question 27

System 1

Answer 27

passively view web module, passively highlight textbook, take verbatim notes, memorize given examples for concepts

Question 28

System 2

Answer 28

pause and review web module, self-test on textbook, summarize notes, create novel examples for concepts; leads to durable learning

Question 29

Anchoring

Answer 29

the bias to be affected by an initial anchor, even if the anchor is arbitrary

Question 30

Framing

Answer 30

the bias to be systematically affected by the way in which information is presented

Question 31

Decision architecture

Answer 31

accounts for human bias to trigger higher participation rates; people are more inclined to opt out vs. opt in

Question 32

Fluid intelligence

Answer 32

reflects how well you tackle a new task rather than what facts you possess

Question 33

Working memory

Answer 33

short term memory, keeps vital information at the ready; | key component in fluid intelligence

Question 34

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 34

responsible for executive function; | regulates attention, modulates impulses and coordinates information coming from other brain centers

Question 35

ADHD and fluid intelligence

Answer 35

developed a computer program to exercise working memory; | after 5 weeks, fluid intelligence was increased, lessening of symptoms