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Ophthalmic Assisting > Problems/disorders > Flashcards

Problems/disorders Flashcards

1
Q

scotoma

A

non-seeing area within the visual field

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2
Q

bitemporal (heteronymous) hemianopsia

A
  • outer half of each eye without sight (right half of right & left half of left)
  • lesion in optic chiasm (region III of visual pathway)
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3
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A
  • same half of each eye without sight (right half of both right & left eye)
  • lesion b/w chiasm & occipital visual cortex (opposite side)
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4
Q

papilledema

A
  • optic nerve (disc) swelling

- b/c of increased intracranial pressure

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5
Q

glaucoma

A
  • increased intraocular pressure resulting in damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibers
  • visual field defects
  • increased size of optic cup
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6
Q

age related macular degeneration

A
  • deterioration of the macula
  • loss of sharp, central vision
  • dry (yellowish deposits under pigment epithelial layer) vs. wet (abnormal vessels grow under retina and leak fluid/blood)
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7
Q

cataracts

A
  • cloudiness of the lens

- prevents clear image from forming on retina

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8
Q

retinoblastoma

A
  • malignant intraocular tumor developed from retinal visual cells
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9
Q

strabismus

A
  • eye misalignment
  • eyes do not move normally
  • caused by extraocular muscle imbalance
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10
Q

retinitis pigmentosa

A
  • retinal degeneration in both eyes, photocell loss

- progressive: night blindness to loss of peripheral vision, to tunnel vision to total blindness

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11
Q

Wilson’s disease

A
  • abnormal copper accumulation
  • Kayser-Fleisher ring in Descemet’s membrane
  • “sunflower” cataract
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12
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A
  • connective tissue disease

- very myopic, large corneas, cataracts, ptosis, strabismus or incomplete choroidal formation

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13
Q

Stargardt’s disease

A
  • macular degeneration b/w ages 6-20
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14
Q

keratonconus

A
  • degenerative corneal disease
  • thinning cornea
  • steepening cornea at center
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15
Q

corneal dystrophies

A
  • accumulation of abnormal material or water in the cornea

- leads to cloudiness and reduced vision

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16
Q

CRAO

A
  • central retinal artery occlusion
  • blood clot or fatty deposit blocks essential blood supply to retina
  • see “cherry-red spot” in macula b/c choroidal circulation showing through
  • complete loss of vision
  • painless
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17
Q

BRAO

A
  • branch retinal artery occlusion
  • partial loss of vision
  • painless
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18
Q

CRVO

A
  • central retinal vein occlusion
  • vision loss due to macular edema (fluid build up from blockage)
  • painless
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19
Q

BRVO

A
  • branch retinal vein occlusion
  • vision loss due to macular edema (fluid build up from blockage)
  • painless
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20
Q

vitreous hemorrhage

A
  • symptoms: floaters, cob web or lace curtain; blurry vision,
    reddish hue to vision
  • painless
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21
Q

retinal detachment

A
  • retina pulls away from back of eye (full or partial)
  • experience floaters or peripheral light flashes
  • painless
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22
Q

angle-closure glaucoma

A
  • painless, intermittent blurred vision
  • aqueous doesn’t exit eye through trabecular meshwork as it should
  • increase in IOP
  • use Van Herick Technique (pages 230-231)
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23
Q

dry eye

A
  • intermittent or continual vision changes
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24
Q

keratitis

A
  • inflammation of cornea

- distorted or blurred vision

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25
amaurosis fugax
- permanent retinal arteriolar strokes | - emergent attention - warning sign of stroke
26
ocular aura
- ophthalmic migrane - see swirls of colorful light - urgent attention
27
diplopia
- double vision | - urgent
28
uveitis
- internal inflammation of the eyes (uvea)
29
iritis
- iris spasms with inflammation
30
scleritis or episcleritis
- inflammation of outer protective layers of eye | - no redness or discharge (unlike conjunctivitis)
31
periorbital/orbital cellulitis
- lid swelling and pain
32
conjunctivitis
- redness and discharge from conjunctivia - one eye = virus - both eyes = bacteria
33
optic neuritis
- inflammation of optic nerve | - periorbital pain with vision loss
34
retrobulbar neuritis
- inflammation of optic nerve fibers behind optic disc (where they leave eye)
35
giant cell (temporal) arteritis
- inflammation of arteries supplying the head and eyes
36
photophobia
- abnormal intolerance to light | - due to inflammatory processes or corneal nerve sending distressed impulses
37
blepharitis
- inflammation of eyelids
38
seborrheic dermatitis
- dandruff of eye lashes
39
chalazia
- oil gland in eyelid is blocked
40
hordeola
- "sty" | - acute infection of lash follicle
41
subconjunctival hemorrhage
- blood vessels under conjunctiva have leaked - painless, red eye - no vision loss
42
ptosis
- droopy eyelid
43
anisocoria
- difference in size b/w pupils (>1 mm)
44
eccentric fixation
- patient has learned to fixate on other retinal area (not macula) b/c macula deficient
45
nystagmus
- rhythmic jerking of the eyes
46
amblyopia
- lazy eye
47
organic vision loss
- due to disease, disorder & trauma
48
functional (non-organic) vision loss
- no known organic cause | - malingering, factitious or hysterical
49
tropia
- strabismus present all the time
50
phoria
- strabismus present some of the time
51
Relative Afferent Pupillary defect (RAPD)
- lack of consensual response | - one eye dilates, the other does not
52
Light Near dissociation
- pupils react to objects coming near but not to light
53
rubeosis
- abnormal blood vessel growth in iris
54
flare
- aqueous has increased protein content | - causes scattering of slit lamp light
55
senile miosis
- pupils become smaller as we age
56
hippus
- NORMAL brain confusion | - causes pulsation of pupil when only one eye stimulated
57
hyphema
- injury to root of iris | - blood vessels bleed into anterior chamber
58
hypopyon
- pus accumulated in anterior chamber | - severe infection
59
Protanomaly
- deficient red cones
60
Deuteranomaly
- deficient green cones
61
Tritanomaly
- deficient blue cones
62
protanopia
- no red cones
63
dueteranopia
- no green cones
64
tritanopia
- no blue cones
65
heterophoria
- strabismus controlled by fusion | - discovered by covering one eye
66
orthophoria
- normal, eyes are straight
67
heterotropia
- constant deviation of eyes
68
esophoria
- controlled, one eye turns in
69
esotropia
- uncontrolled, one eye turns in
70
accommodative esotropia
- inward deviation due to high hyperopic refractive error | - may be corrected with lens
71
non-accommodative esotropia
- inward deviation not affected by lenses (need surgery)
72
exotropia
- uncontrolled out turning of eye
73
exophoria
- controlled out turning of eye
74
convergence insufficiency
- exodeviation is larger at near
75
sensory exotropia
- one eye with poor or no vision, drifts out
76
pseudostrabismus
- eyes appear crossed but nasal sclera is just hidden behind large skin folds
77
comitant paralytic strabismus
- measurements of strabismus are similar in different directions of gaze
78
incomitant paralytic strabismus
- measurements are different in varying directions of gaze
79
CN III Palsy
- affected eye "down & out" | - may have dilated pupil or drooping lid
80
CN IV Palsy
- hypertropia (upward deviation of one eye) with excyclotorsion
81
CN VI Palsy
- esotropic deviation
82
dermatochalasis
- excess of upper eyelid skin
83
blepharochlalasis
- spontaneous swelling of eyelids
84
trichiasis
- inward growth of eyelashes
85
blepharospasm
- involuntary twitching of eyelie
86
lagophthalmos
- incomplete closure of eye lids
87
chalazion
- clogged & inflamed oil gland on eyelid
88
cellulitis
- inflammation of tissues around eye
89
alacrima
- absence of tearing
90
epiphora
- excessive tearing (excess tears or inadequate draining)
91
dry eye syndrome
- dehydration of ocular surface
92
canaliculitis
- inflammation of canaliculus
93
dacryoadenitis
- inflammation of tear producing lacrimal gland
94
dacryocystritis
- inflammation in the lacrimal sac
95
microphthalmia
- born with small, malformed eye
96
buphthalmos
- unusually large eyeball & cornea
97
anophthalmos
- total absence of eye in orbit
98
enophthalmos
- retraction of globe & orbital contents
99
exophthalmos
- abnormal forward bulging of eye
100
papillomas
- raised vascular growths (on skin, conjuctiva, etc.)
101
corneal ulcer
- pitted defect in cornea | - infectious agent entered scratch
102
Superficial Punctate Keratitis or Punctate Epithelial Erosions
- loss of epithelial cells on surface of cornea
103
keratoconus
- progressive bulging & thinning of cornea - associated with high astigmatism & myopia - steepest curvature is inferiorly - circular pattern shown in topography
104
dystrophy
- progressive change in a tissue or organ due to defective metabolsim
105
Fuch's dystrophy
- gradual & progressive loss of corneal endothelium
106
pterygium
- abnormal growth over limbus (where sclera & cornea meet) & onto cornea
107
pannus
- neovascularized & granulated tissue at limbus
108
arcus senilis
- whitening of cornea due to lipid deposits | - common in elderly
109
amiodarone swirls
- deposits below corneal epithelium
110
Kayser-Fleischer Ring
- copper deposts in Descement's membrane
111
Krukenbergy's spindle
- brown uveal pigments deposited on posterior corneal surface in spindle pattern
112
subluxation/luxation of lens
- partial or full breakage of lens from zonules
113
coloboma
- incomplete fusion of tissues during embryonic stage - effects iris & ciliary body, optic nerve - absence of zonules
114
lisch nodules
- small, round, raised lesions on iris
115
pigmentary dispersion syndrome
- pigment particles slough off iris and circulate in anterior and posterior chamber
116
posterior vitreous detachment
- pulling away from retina | - aging causes liquification
117
asteroid hyalosis
- multiple tiny deposits (calcium & phospholipids) in vitreous
118
optic nerve cupping
- cup-to-disc ratio | >0.6 = glaucoma; asymmetry >0.2=glaucoma
119
optic nerve drusen
- protein & calcium deposits in optic nerve | - look like yellowish spots
120
optic nerve pallor
- pale appearance indicating loss of nerve fibres
121
optic neuritis (papillitis)
- inflammation of optic nerve | - associated with MS
122
retinopathy
- abnormal growth of weak blood vessels | - vessels leak, bleed & tug on retina
123
amaurotic pupil
- pupil does not respond to direct light due to blindness
124
synechiae
- adhesion of iris and lens
125
presbyopia
- decrease in ability to focus near - loss of elasticity of lens or ciliary muscle function - due to age
126
metamorphopsia
- distortion of straight lines | - conduct amsler grid test
127
with-the-rule astigmatism
-steepest curvature of cornea vertically, flattest horizontally
128
pellucid marginal degeneration
- pheripheral thinning of the inferior cornea without inflammation - may create irregular astigmatism - see "droopy bow-tie" pattern on topography

Ophthalmic Assisting (5 decks)

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