Problems of definition and conceptualization Flashcards

(47 cards)

1
Q

Forced migrants

Refugees

A

A person who has been forced to leave due to war, persecution or natural disaster

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2
Q

Forced migrants

Asylum seeker

A

someone that is applying for the status of a refugee

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3
Q

Forced migrants

Internally displaced person/ people

A

someone displaced within their own country e.g in Iraq have to move around the country due to ISIS

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4
Q

Forced migrants

Subject of rendition

A

Someone who is against their will taken from desired country. E.g imprison them

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5
Q

Voluntary migrants examples:

A
Guest worker. (class/ lower) 
Expatriates (class/higher) 
Diplomats 
Missionaries 
Retirees 
Aid workers 
Gap year students
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6
Q

These definitions are not politically neutral

A
  • newspapers talk about migrants differently depending on story
    e. g either scapegoats or victims
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7
Q

UNHCR (UN refugee agency) say…

A

“Migrants are fundamentally different from refugees and are treated differently under international law. Migrants, especially economic migrants. choose to improve their lives. Refugees, choose to move to improve their lives. Refugees are forced to slee to save their lives or preserve their freedom”

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8
Q

Political migrant:

A

refugee

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9
Q

Economic migrant:

A

Migrant worker

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10
Q

Which route would work better?

A

Economic

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11
Q

Victimcy

A

Victim and Agency
This is deliberate action to portray oneself/ ones situation in the most vulnerable manner possible to meet institutional needs

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12
Q

‘Genuine refugee’

A

Legal vs Illegal
Political vs economic
Victim vs Social Agent

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13
Q

Difference between work and employment in capitalism

A

Work:

  • Volunteering
  • House work/ domestic

Employment:

  • Wage work?
  • Contract - legal relationship between two parties
  • expectations of employers and employees
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14
Q

Relationships between employers and employees

A
  • Power
  • Respect
  • Hierarchy
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15
Q

How are workers ‘divided’ or categorised in conventional terms?

By Sector

A
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Public vs Private?
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16
Q

How are workers ‘divided’ or categorised in conventional terms?

By profession

A
  • Banking
  • Teaching
  • Etc.
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17
Q

How are workers ‘divided’ or categorised in conventional terms?

“Social type”

A

Expat?

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18
Q

How are workers ‘divided’ or categorised in conventional terms?

Age

A

Adult

Child

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19
Q

How are workers ‘divided’ or categorised in conventional terms?

Contract type

A

Full time
Part time
Zero Hours

20
Q

Undocumented migrants

A

Un- legal residences

21
Q

Dynamics of labour mobility: who pushes for what kinds of labour mobility?

States

A
  • wants people who will pay taxes, not use benefits
  • people that contribute to society and economy- participation with council?
  • reducing the dependency ration
  • people that speak the language
22
Q

what are the barriers forced by migrants entering a country?

A
  • Visa regime
  • Points based migration – aus and nz, labour market needs – offering skills.
  • Education, skills, qualifications
  • Income – easy ways to introduce racist immigration policies.
23
Q

Stay and return

What kinds of returns are there?

A
  • Guest workers – invited, time limited. E.g. Germany 5o’s they wanted economic miracle so set up arrangements with Italy Greece and turkey to make it easy for migrants to come over and do jobs in specific sectors.
  • Seasonal or circular
  • Frontier workers -
  • Intra corporate transferees – glamour children of labour migration, e.g senior executives being moved from place to place. -expat
24
Q

The role of states shaping patterns of labour migration

A

e.g healthcare labour markets between developed and middle income countries

25
Weeks one to three
- Mobility and Migration - Categorised migrants - Labour migration/ migration and labour
26
The UN defines a migrant
anyone who has moved out of his or her “country of usual residence”.
27
Media differentiates
mobile individuals into expatriates, from wealthier countries, and migrants, from less well-off countries.
28
Technical definition of expat
a person on an international intra-company transfer, with an income and benefits package and particular tax provisions, a status which applies to only a minority of migrants from the so-called “Global North”
29
example of definitions being changed due to class
A Turkish kebab store owner in Berlin or a Ghanaian cardiac surgeon at a London hospital will be called migrants. A Canadian banker in London, on the other hand, is more likely to be called an expat, as is an American in Paris, teaching English by the hour.
30
When applying for the label expat...
Income and skill level aren't as relevent. More higher social status, if they come from a country that is 'equal' or 'higher' in terms of GDP and international reputation
31
Anne Frank
Annes fate was sealed by a callous fear of refugees, among the world's most desperate people Today, to our shame, anne frank is a syrian girl.
32
Saudi Arabia
Yemeni and Somalian undocument workers being deported. Through the process being beaten, starved and deprived of travel.
33
Hungary
- Routine push backs from hungary to serbia - use of force against refugees and migrants at the border and in-country - penalties to refugees who unlawfully enter hungary - detention of asylum- seekers for extended periods without legitimate grounds.
34
David Turton (2003)
we increase our imaginative ability to identify with the suffering stranger - to see him or her as potentially one of us, as a potential member of our moral community. Put differently, the more we are able to see the forced migrant as an ordinary person, with whom, therefore, we can identify, the more difficult it becomes to ignore his or her plight: to be a bystander.
35
UNHCR found issues
mechanisms fail to make distinctions between refugees and other migrants and limit the protection afforded to persons who, failing to find asylum elsewhere, will find themselves endangered.
36
Internally displaced
fled their homes but still within their countries
37
Half worlds refugees
children
38
refugees
conflict and violence but economic or drought
39
language in policy making
- the LIMIT of the amount of immigrants are allowed or TARGETS ... more welcoming. Control vs need for immigration
40
Media - why the negativity?
"Migrants flooding in" - conceptualising? Uncertainty. - crisis mentality. Transform mundane events to something massive to make a story. People want to see negative news - it sells more
41
Migration metaphor
substance, liquid. We speak of flows, streams,waves of migrants. We speak of asylum capacity. This metaphorical language of migration is obviously not innocent.
42
Problems with migration metaphor
1. ) Host language, not migrants. - state-centric perspective. ‘them’ although our ancestors were migrants once. 2. ) 2 metaphorical lang - natural event. Something we ignore, cant easily prevent but overwhelms us, divert it. 3. ) De humanise - Require us to think about them as molecules in a liquid. SO easier for us to see them as a threat. ‘Britains’ front line.
43
Hannarz 2002
we need metaphors for abstract topics. When you take an intellectual ride on a metaphor it is important that you know when to get off
44
what SHOULD we think of migrants as?
ordinary people embedded in social, political and historical situations
45
Stein
emphasising the common experiences, no such thing as refugee experience, the experiences and voices of refugees
46
Is the focus on migrants?
focus not on migrants but ourselves. Separating forced migrants from migrants Because Forced migrants make a special claim on our concern. require us to ask what our responsibilities are to the stranger in distress Forced migrants; gap between rich and poor Require us to consider who we are, our moral community, what it means to be human Cross border flows – trades, investment
47
1-3
``` Forced Voluntary Conceptialization Victimcy, better route economic Workers divided – age, profession, sector Difference between work and employment Push and pull for Barriers for migrants Stay and return Media Ordinary people facing economic, political problems political warning ```