Process - design och teknik och Layout

Question 1

Vad är operations

Answer 1

En samling processer
i sin tur en samling av aktiviteter

Question 2

Vad är en process

Answer 2

En samling resurser och aktiviteter som transormerar inputs till outputs
Tillfredställer (intärna) kundbehov
Aktiviteterna utförs över tid

Question 3

Vad är skillnaden (likheten) mellan process och produktdesign

Answer 3

Lita sammankopplade
Dumt att ta beslut om den ena utan att tänka på den andra
Separata ektiviteter som överlappar
Produkten är resultatet av processen

Question 4

Vilka är målen med processdesign

Answer 4

Möter lämpliga prestationskriterier
Kvalitet
Hastighet
Pålitlighet
Flexibilitet
Kostnad
Hållbarhet

Micro mål

Question 5

Vilka är mikromålen i processdesign

Answer 5

Throughout rate
Cykle time
Work in progress
Utilization

Question 6

Vad är den största saken på bestämmer hur en process ska designas

Answer 6

4V

Question 7

Vilka V är de viktigaste

Answer 7

Volume
Variaty

Question 8

Vilka är de olika processtyperna

Answer 8

Produkt
Projekt
Jobbing
Batch
Mass
Continium

Service
Proffesional services
Service shops
Mass service

Question 9

Vad är process mapping

Answer 9

Sätt att beskriva en process
Språk med notationssymboler
Kan göras på flera nivåer påde detaljerat och aggregerat för hela organisationen

Question 10

Vad innebär Throughput time

Answer 10

How long time, on average, it takes for an item to be produced or a customer to be served.

Question 11

Vad betyder Cycle time

Answer 11

The average time between products being completed or customers served, i.e. how often a product
is produced or a customer is served.

Question 12

Vad betyder Work-in-progress

Answer 12

How many items or clients that are being processed, on average, at any given point in time

Question 13

Vad betyder Work content (or process time)

Answer 13

Amount of work carried out per product or client.

Question 14

Little law

Answer 14

Throughput time = Work-in-progress X Cycle time

Question 15

Formula for:
Throughput efficiency (%) =

Answer 15

Throughput efficiency (%) = Work content / Throughput time

Question 16

Vad är en bottle neck

Answer 16

All processes have a limited capacity. Often, the process is limited by a so called bottleneck at a specific step (activity) in the process.

Den delen som begränsar flödet

Question 17

Varför vill man standardisera om det går

Answer 17

Förvirring
Missförstång
-> Ineffektivitert

Hur mycket man ska standardisera svårt beslut
Standardisering kan ge fördelar men allt kanm inte standardiseras

Question 18

Vad måsta man tänka på för miljömedveten processdesign

Answer 18

Input källa
Hur mycket energi
Hur mycket och vilket spill
produktens liv
end of life för produkten

Question 19

Beskriv projekt

Answer 19

• discrete, highly customised products, with long timescale between completion of each item
• low volume
• high variety
• activities can be illdefined and uncertain → complex process requiring professional judgement
• e.g. software design, movie production, construction work

Question 20

Beskriv jobbing

Answer 20

• high variety and low volume
• each product has to share operations resources with many others
• produce physically smaller products and fewer unpredictable circumstances
• e.g. specialist toolmakers, furniture restorers

Question 21

Beskriv batch

Answer 21

• less degree of variety
• part of the process has periods when it is repeating itself
• e.g. gourmet frozen food, machine tool manufacturing

Question 22

Beskriv mass process

Answer 22

• high volume, narrow variety
• repetitive and predictable
• e.g. frozen food production, automatic packaging lines

Question 23

Beskriv kontinuelig process

Answer 23

• operate for long periods of time
• products are inseparable, being produced in an endless flow
• e.g. water processing, electricity utilities

Question 24

BEskriv profesional service

Answer 24

high-contact processes where customers spend a considerable time in the service process
- e.g. management consultants, architecture, surgeons

Question 25

Beksriv service shops

Answer 25

- levels of volume and variety, service is provided via mixes of front- and back-office activities - e.g. banks, highs treet shops

Question 26

Beskriv Mass service

Answer 26

- limited contact time and little customisation - defined vision of labour - e.g. supermarkets

Question 27

Vad är målet med produkt process matrisen

Answer 27

Man vill vara nära diagonalen Natuliga diagonalen eller line of fit Bort från diagonalen leder till ökade kostnader pga onödig eller saknad flexibilitet

Question 28

Designa Kundupplevelse

Answer 28

Service scape Touchpionts Emotional mapping Visibility map

Question 29

Hur kan aktiviteter planeras i förhållande till varandra

Answer 29

long thin short fat

Question 30

Fördelar med long thin

Answer 30

- controlled flow of items - simple handling - lower capital requirements (if a specialist piece of equipment is needed for one task only one piece would need to be purchased) - more efficient operation. each person at the stage has a higher proportion of direct productive work as opposed to the non productive parts

Question 31

Fördelar med short fat

Answer 31

- higher mix flexibility - if work on several types of items is needed, each stage could specialise in different types - higher volume flexibility - stages can be closed down - higher robustness - if one stage breaks down others are unaffected - less monotonous work

Question 32

Vilka olika typer av variablity finns det

Answer 32

- variability in the demand of processing at an individual stage within the process - variation in the time taken to perform the activities at each stage

Question 33

Vad gör variability i en process?

Answer 33

Den minskar eficiency

Question 34

Vilka är altenativen för att förbättra väntetid eller utilization

Answer 34

Acceptera långa väntetider -> hög utilization Acceptera låg utilization -> korta väntetider Minska variability i ankomsttider -> högre utilization och lägre väntetid

Question 35

Vilka är de olika layoutsen

Answer 35

Fixed positoin Funktionell Cell Line

Question 36

Layout grafen

Answer 36

Layput and look decisions: Layout Look Affext flow interaction and experience: Flow of transformed resorses Interaction between parts Staff experience Costumer experience Which affect operations performance: Flow Effiveience Flow flexibility Clarity of flow Space utilization Staff effectivness Communicaiton Emotionall response

Question 37

What makes a good layout

Answer 37

Depends on sttayegic objective flow of transformed resources Interaction between process Staff experience Costumer experience Level 2 i grafen

Question 38

Beskriv fixed position och när är den vanlig

Answer 38

- transformed resources do not move between the transforming resources, instead the recipient of the processing is stationary, and the facilities & people move - could be because resources are too large, too delicate or inconvenient to move - Examples - motorway construction - open heart surgery - high class service restaurant

Question 39

Beskriv funktional layout och när är den vanlig

Answer 39

- similar transforming resources are located together because of convenience or utilisation improvement - transforming resources flow through the operation, taking a route from activity to activity according to needs - different products have different needs → take different routes → complex operation pattern - Examples - hospital - supermarket

Question 40

Beskriv cell layout och när är den vanlig

Answer 40

- transformed resources entering the operation are pre-selected to move to one part in which all the transforming resources are located. The cell itself may be arranged in a functional or line layout. After being processed in the cell it goes on to another cell. - Aims to bring order to the complexity of flow that characterises functional layout. - Examples - Ready lunches in the supermarket - maternity unit in a hospital

Question 41

Beskriv Line layouyt och när är den vanlig

Answer 41

- locating the transforming resources entirely for the convenience of the transformed resources - Examples - vehicle assembly - self service cafeteria

Question 42

Beskriv mixed layout och när är den vanlig

Answer 42

- many operations have hybrids

Question 43

Vad ska man tänka på när man väljer layout

Answer 43

- importance of flow depends on volume-variety - resources in low-volume, high-variety processes should be arranged to cope with irregular flow - resources in high volume low variety processes shoudl be arranged to cope with smooth-regular flow

Question 44

För och nackdelar med Fixed position

Answer 44

För * Very high mix and product flexibility * Product or customer not moved or disturbed * High variety of tasks for staff Nack * Very high unit costs * Scheduling of space and activities can be di
cult * Can mean much movement of equipment and staff

Question 45

För och nackdelar med Funktional layout

Answer 45

För * High mix and product flexibility * Relatively robust in the case of disruptions * Relatively easy supervision of transforming resources Nack * Low facilities utilisation * Can have very high work-inprogress or customer queuing * Complex flow can be di
cult to control

Question 46

För och nackdelar med Cell layout

Answer 46

För * Gives a compromise between cost and flexibility for relatively high-variety operations * Fast throughput * Potential good staff motivation Nack * Can be costly to rearrange existing layout * Can require more equipment * Can give lower equipment utilisation

Question 47

För och nackdelar med Line layout

Answer 47

För * Low unit costs for high volume * Gives opportunities for specialisation of quipment * Materials or customer movement is convenient Nack * Can have low mix flexibility * Not very robust if there is disruption * Work can be very repetitive

Question 48

När ska man välja vilken layout

Answer 48

När det är det billigaste altenativet på kostnads-volym grafen

Question 49

Hur påverkar design och layout anstälda

Answer 49

Vissa tycker att utseende speglar kulturen Allen curve

Question 50

Hur påverkar design och layout kunder

Answer 50

Formar dess intryck Kognitiva intryck Känslomässiga Fysiska

Question 51

Vad är skillanden mellan produkt och processteknik

Answer 51

I tillverkning: Produktteknologi = hård och mjukvara Processteknologi är tillverkningen (maskiner och utrustning som skapar/levererar produkten/tjänsten)

Question 52

Fyra nyckelfrågor kring ny processteknologi

Answer 52

Vad gör tekniken annorlunda från liknande/dagens teknik? Hur gör den det? Vad är specifikt annorlunda? Vilka fördelar ger den nya tekniken? Vilka begränsningar/risker följer med den nya tekniken?

Question 53

Vilka är de olika sorternas teknologi

Answer 53

Tänkande Kommunicerande Flytta fysiska objekt Meterialprocessing Kännande Kombination

Question 54

Varför är ny processteknologi viktigt

Answer 54

1. new process have a greater capability than what they’re replacing 2. increased capabilities have a greater scope of application

Question 55

Moravec’s paradox

Answer 55

- AI struggles with tasks most humans find easy, esp tasks that require perception and mobility skills - complex problems is easy, easy problems are complex

Question 56

Gartner hypoe cykle

Answer 56

Innovation trigger Peak of inflated exspectation Through of disilussionment Slope of enlightenbment platou of productivity

Question 57

Olika typer av "costumer processing" teknologi

Answer 57

Aktiv interaktion Passiv interaktion Gömd interaktion

Question 58

Hur ska managers utvärdera om ny teknologi passar

Answer 58

1. understanding the technology to the extent they are able to articulate what it should be able to do 2. evaluate alternative technologies 3. develop, plan and implement the technology

Question 59

Hur kan nya teknologier utvärderas

Answer 59

1. does the technology fit the volume-variety characteristics of the tasks for which it is intended? 2. what aspects of the operation’s performance does the technology improve? 3. does the technology give an acceptable financial return?

Question 60

Varför är det viktigt att utvärdera teknik

Answer 60

- increasingly important and difficult to evaluate new process technology due to many technological risks - security - obsolescence - implementation problems - tendency to get carried away with new tech

Question 61

Vilka tekniska dimensioner är det viktigt att utvärdera så man ser att den passar med processens volume-variaty

Answer 61

1. degree of automation 2. capacity of the technology to process work: scale or scalability 3. extent to which it is integrated with other technologies: degree of coupling or connectivity

Question 62

Hur utvärdera man hur ny processteknik förvättrar operationens prestation

Answer 62

Vanliga listan kvalitet, fart osv Men dela kvalitet i specifikationskvalitet och conforrmance kvalitet Dela flexibilitet i response flexibilitet och range flexibilitet

Question 63

Vilka frågor borde man fråga sig kring tekniken närman utvärderar den

Answer 63

- what can the tech do= - how well can the tech do things? - how fast can the tech do things? - how reliably can the tech do things? - how flexibly can the tech do things? - what range of things can the tech do? - how sustainable is the tech? - where can the tech do it? - how safely can the tech do it? - how connectedly can the tech do it? - how securely can the tech do it?

Question 64

Vad är resurs och process avstånd

Answer 64

- degree of implementation difficulty is dependent on degree of novelty of the new technology resources and changes required in the operation’s process - the less we understand new tech → the greater the distance from current tech resource base of operation

Question 65

Vilka saker beror operationens förmåga att träna kunderna att använda ny teknologi på

Answer 65

- complexity - repetition - variety of tasks performed by customer

Question 66

Murphys lag

Answer 66

Saker kommer gå fel så planera för det

Question 67

What should be the objective of process design

Answer 67

6 vanliga Kvalitet Hastighet (tid) Relabilitet (Dependability) Flexibilitet Kostnad Hållbarhet

Question 68

What is the objective of layout

Answer 68

Minimize (sometimes maximize) flow Minimize or maximize interaction between iffrent parts Enhance staff experience and where applicable costumers