Process Equipment And Energy Systems Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
This is ? DA or RA ?
A
Fail open valve
Air 2 close
RA
2
Q
This is ? DA or RA?
A
Fail close
Air to open
DA
3
Q
This is
A
Fail locked
4
Q
This is
A
Fail locked
5
Q
This is
A
Fail at last position/ drift open
6
Q
This is
A
Fail at last position/ drift closed
7
Q
This is
A
A steam traced line
8
Q
This is
A
Current to pneumatic
9
Q
This is a
A
Bellows spring opposed actuator
10
Q
This is a
A
Rotary piston actuator with positioner
11
Q
This is a
A
Rotary piston actuator
May be single or double spring
12
Q
This is a
A
Linear piston actuator with positioner
13
Q
This is a
A
Linear piston actuator
Can be single acting spring opposed
Double acting
14
Q
This is a
A
Pressure balanced diaphragm actuator
15
Q
This is a
A
Spring diaphragm actuator with positioner
16
Q
This is a
A
Generic actuator
Spring-diaphram actuator
17
Q
This is a
A
Single acting recip compressor
18
Q
This is a
A
Double acting reciprocating compressor
19
Q
This is a
A
Diaphragm compressor
20
Q
This is a
A
Dual rotor screw compressor
21
Q
This is a
A
Single rotor screw compressor
22
Q
This is a
A
2 lobe blower
23
Q
This is a
A
3 lobe blower
24
Q
This is a
A
Centrifugal compressor
25
In a centrifugal pump surge is:
Discharge pressure is too high and causes back pressure through the compressor
26
Centrifugal compressor choke is
If the velocity of the gas exceeds the speed of doing it can choke/ stonewall a comp. Often occurs at high flow low pressure applications
27
What is compressor ratio?
Discharge pressure/ suction pressure
28
What is a prime mover on a compressor?
Motor of various types
29
Comp pressure control type?
Suction throttling
30
Comp pressure control type
Discharge throttling
31
Comp pressure control type
Guide Vanessa control
32
2 types of pumps
Reciprocating: piston
Rotary : spin either direction
33
3 strategies to avoid over pressure in compressors
- VFD
- bypass to tank line with backpressure regulator
- internal/built in ( length of stroke)
34
These are
Centrifugal pump
35
A centrifugal pump works on what principle
Converting kinetic energy to pressure energy
36
_____ must be greater than ______ to prevent cavitation
NPSHa , NPSHr
37
This is? Best for?
Compression jaw crusher.
Large rocks
38
This is ? Best for
Attrition gyrator
Grinding rock fines
Produces more material in a given time
39
A 2 phase separator ( vessels)
Separates oil and gas
40
A 3 phase separator vessel ?
Separates oil / water / gas
41
A cyclone separator is good for?
A gaseous stream that contains solids ie air with wood chips n dust
42
A centrifuge:
Separates liquids and suspended solids or imiscible liquids ( liquids that can't be blended)
43
Separation by floatation works:
A slurry of different solid or semi solids in a vessel.
Air bubbles from the bottom
Some of the solids are carried to the surface by the bubbles
44
Filtration is?
Separates solids from a liquid or gaseous stream
45
Electrostatic precips ? 90% efficient for?
-Particles given - charge by 1st electrodes
- fly by 2nd that are + charged plates and stick there
Fly ash
-
46
What type of product consistency does grinding produce
A fine powder
47
What type of crushing action is used with a Bradford breaker?
Impact gravity crushing
48
Why is water often added to the charge feeding a ball mill
Cools the mill and moves finer material to exit
49
Def granulation
Formation of irregular clusters of material . Occurs from being pressed together with rollers
50
A screening system can sort to how many grades?
# of screens + 1
51
2 conditions that can blind a screen
Wet material
Particles close to same size as screen holes
52
What type of separator uses centrifugal force and has no moving parts
Cyclone separator
53
What removes particles from the electrode plate in a precipitator?
A rapper
54
What does a good static mixer do?
Creates max turbulence with min pressure drop
55
What flow direction is created by a radial impeller?
Perpendicular to direction of shaft
56
Flow direction of an axial impeller
Parallel to direction of shaft
57
A double spiral impeller is used for
Very viscous mixed
58
This is for?
Thermal conductivity of insulation
59
If there is a choice which of 2 fluids should be run inside heat exchangers? Why?
The fluid that has the highest tendency to foul the tubes. Its easier to clean the pipes out
60
Heat exchangers : co current flow?
Fluids flow on same direction
61
Heat exchangers: counter current flow?
Fluids flow in opposite directions?
62
Whats the process for tube cleaning in u shell and tube heat exchangers?
Chemically cleaned. If that doesn't work tube bundle must be removed
63
Why does a shell heat exchanger have a floating head?
The tubes inside expand and contract
64
What are 2 common methods for cooling water using evaporation?
- spray ponds
- cooling towers
65
What are the 2 classifications of condensers?
-Surface condensers
- direct contact
66
This is a
U tube heat exchanger
67
This is a
Forced draft cooling tower
68
This is a
Induced draft cooling tower
69
This is a
Cooling tower
70
This is a
Hyperbolic natural draft cooling tower
71
What does a condenser do?
Condenses vapor to liquid by removing latent heat
72
Surface condensers?
Coolant doesn't contact vapor or condensate
73
Direct condensers:
Coolant, vapor and condensate are in contact
74
What kind of condenser is used in power plants
Surface condensers are usually used on steam from turbines
75
2 most common methods of dehumidification
- compression followed by refrigeration
- desiccants to absorb moisture
76
Direct heat drying
Heat is supplied by a carrier gas over or through yhe drying solids
77
Indirect heat:
Separates heat source from solids using heat conducting barrier
78
____ ____ suitable for handling a wet feed on a continuous base
Rotary dryers
79
Def sublimation
When a solid changes directly to a vapor
80
Vacuum tray dryer used for?
Good for heat sensitive materials like powdered milk
81
Cocurrent feed
Rotary and heated air move in the same direction
82
Counter current feed
Rotary and heated air move opposite direction
83
Spray dryer
Atomizes solutions that can be pumped then enters a cyclone where powder separates from feed
84
Drum dryer works
Drys on the outside then scraped off
85
CN you use boiler steam for humidification?
No it contains descalers
86
3 methods of dehumidification
- compression and refrigeration
- desiccant beds
- deliquesent beds
87
Dew point def:
The temp @ which the air or gas can no longer hold water vapor
88
____ desiccant dissolves from tablets to liquid
Deliquescent
89
Def adsorbtion
Liquid or gas accumulates on the surface
90
Def absorption
Absorbing material draws other material into it
91
Def desorbtion
Release of 1 substance from another
92
What happens if silica gel and h20 mix
The gel fractures
93
A GDU
Uses glycol ( usually TEG) to remove water from natural gas
94
Most desiccant systems have 2 or more vessels because
They alternate between drying and regen functions
95
In a distillation tower what is packing?
Shaped objects used instead of trays
96
What can flooding the trays of a distillation tower do
Too much reflux which causes vapor excessive pressure. This shoots out the top " puking the tower"
97
A is? Does?
Distillation tower. Separates the feed in several steps
98
D is? Does
The reboiler Supplies the energy to vaporize the feed
99
B is? Does?
The condenser. It converts the vapor from the top of the tower to liquid
100
C is? Does
The reflux drum. Stores condensed distillate and returns a portion to the tower as reflux
101
Def distillation:
Group of methods that use heat to separate components of a liquid mix
102
2 types of distillation, each used when?
- fractional : when boiling points of the different materials are close
- simple : when boiling points are significantly different
103
Def vapor pressure
Pressure of a vapor in contact with its liquid form ( temp dependant)
104
Def boiling point
Temp at which vapor pressure exceeds pressure surrounding it
105
Def bubble point
Point at which a mixture of 2 or more materials forms vapor bubbles
106
Def volatility
Indicates the tendency of a liquid to change into vapor
107
SAMA drawings used for? Detailed
Usually boiler controlled
Much more than ISA
108
Single stage screw compressors deliver to psig
Lobe blowers?
Cycloidial?
100 to 175
10 to 15
20 to 50
109
Pressure reciprocating compressors are good to?
In excess of 20000 psig
110
Formula for?
111
Fire tube boilers :
Fire/ heat in the tubes run through water
112
Water tube boiler:
Tubes filled with water run through heat chamber
113
Boiler : a is
Boiler/steam drum
114
Boiler : b is
Downcomer. Returns water n sludge to mud drum
115
Boiler : c is
Lower / mud drum
116
Boiler : d is
Riser
117
Where is most of the water in a boiler?
The tubes
118
How do you remove scale n junk from the mud drum
Intermittent blow down
119
The boiler steam drum does? (3)
- separates steam from boiler
- provides circulation of boiler water
- preheat the boiler feed water
-provides dryest possible steam
120
2 types of super heaters
Integral or separately fired
121
What does a super heater do
Keeps temp up as steam distributes through the system
122
Attemperator :
Control temp of the steam after it leaves the super heater
123
Consequences of substandard feed water :
- scale build up
- CO and O2 cases corrosion
- fouled tubes prevent water flow
- caustic embrillment
124
Economizer
Transfers low grade heat to feed water that would normally go up the stack
125
Super critical boilers :
Over 375 degrees c and 3200 psia
Combines vapor n water to 1 fluid
Mostly used in elec production
126
Boiler : plant master
Plant steam pressure controller
127
Boiler master:
Auto/manual transfer switch with biasing
128
Boiler Single element contol
Controls feed water based on drum kevel
129
Boiler : 2 element control
Controls steam flow and drum water level
130
Boiler 3 element control
Controls steam flow, feed water flow and drum water level
131
Boiler blowdown control
A certain amount of water is discharged into a blowdown tank to remove contamination
132
Optimum air mixture
Some unburnt O2 and fuel. Typically 200 ppm and 1% excess oxygen
133
Boiler cross limiting
Prevents excess fuel in the boiler caused by sudden changes in boiler load
134
Boiler purge
Ensure there is no eexplosive gas in the boiler
135
Boiler : SSOV
Safety shut off valve
136
Boiler : 2 sections of direct fired heater
Furnace
Heat exchanger
137
Boiler :2 types of tubes in a direct fired heater
Radiant tubes get heat from flame
Convection tubes higher up and get heat from gasses
138
Def : gas sweetening
Removing H2S and / or CO2 from natural gas
139
Amine contacting ? Negative?
Solvent of aimine (20 to 50%) and water to sweeten the gas
- uses alot of energy
140
Sulferox:
Simple compact design that converts h2s to sulfur in 1 step
141
Selexol:
Absorbtion / regeneration process for selective removal of acid gasses
142
Selexol process?
- absorbs acid gas at high temp
- pressure dropped or steam stripped out
143
Def : mercaptains:
Methanol
144
Molecular sieves:
Selectively absorbs mercaptains and acid gasses and allows purified hydrocarbons to pass through
145
Claus process:
Most common process to extract elemental sulfer from h2s.
2 steps: thermal and catalytic
146
Hydrocarbons that make up the bulk of natural gas :
- methane
- ethan
- propane
- butane
147
Group gathering stations
A network of small diameter, low pressure pipes that gather gas
148
NGL recovery
Methane is stripped of gas liquids
149
NGL recovery : lean oil absorption
Absorbs high % of heavier Ngls such as butane and pentane
150
NGL recovery: cryogenic process
Cools to - 60 degrees C . The light NGLs become liquid but methane stays gas
151
NGL fractionation train
Series of distillation steps that remove the most volatile component first.
152
Butane isomerization
Produces feedstock for alkylation
153
Alkylation
Creates a high octane blend for cleaner burning gasoline
154
Coking
An aggressive method of cracking that only leaves behind coke
155
Oil upgrading
Removing excess carbons or adds hydrogen so its suitable for refineries
156
Delayed coking
- Uses 1/2 vessel at a time so continuous
- 12 hrs per side
- coke cut with a high pressure water drill
157
Hydroconversion
Hydrogen adding method of cracking. Added hydrogen bonds with carbon
158
Thermal cracking
High pressure (7000 kpag or 1000 psig)
- breaks larger molecules into smaller ones
- used in SAGD
159
Pulping removes :
Lignin and hemicellulose without weakening cellulose
160
Kraft paper process :
Qood chips cook with "white" liquor.
- unbleached is brown
- can be bleached with chlorine or peroxide
161
(Paper) digester:
Vessel where chip cooking is done.
Chips enter the top and work thier way down
162
(Paper) blow tank :
After digester, sudden pressure drop blows chips apart into fibers
163
(Paper) denoting:
Pulp is separated from debris, shives, and knots
164
(Paper) washing :
Removes spent liquor from the fibers
165
____ ____ liquor is whats removed after washing
Weak black
166
(Paper) consistency:
Solid content of Pulp during processing
167
( paper) % of Pulp consistency
Low : below 5 %
Med: 5 to 15 %
High: above 15 %
168
Gas detection : TLV
Threshold limit value. Conditions most workers can handle all day with no ill effect
169
Gas detection:
Ceiling is
Concentration exposure limit
170
Gas detection 3x / 5x rule?
Worker cannot exceed 3x the 8hr limit for more than 30 mins/24hr and never more than 5x
171
STEL :
Short term exposure limit. A 15 min weighted average workers must not exceed ever
172
Def : flammable
Catches fire from a minimal source.
173
Def : combustible
Needs a more dominant source of ignition than flammable
174
A personal gas detector is
One you carry on you
175
A portable gas detector
- components ?
- used for?
Uses a pump and sample probe. Used to check tanks or buildings
176
Fixed gas detectors
Are in 1 spot and constantly test the air
177
Solid state gas detectors work:
Changes resistance due to gas exposure
178
1) IR lamp
2) sample area
3) IR filter
4) measure detector
5) reference detector
179
A photoization detector detects
Toxic organic compounds called VOCs
180
Combustible gas detectors usually alarm @
@ 10% of LEL
181
2 types of combustible gas detectors
- Catalytic bead
- infra red
182
Catalytic gas detectors work
Burn gas at lower temp due to catalyst. Burning ups resistance in the detect cct
183
IR gas detector works?
Responds to gasses that absorb light. Which combustible gasses do
184
Def bump test
Test detector before you use it
185
If a gas detector fails the bump test
Its sent out for calibration
186
You calibrate a gas detector by
Zero then adjust with gasses
187
You calibrate monitors to ___ % of thier full scale
50%
188
Actual LEL formula
Actual % LEL = instrument reading x correction factor
189
You determin a gas detectors location due to
Gas density. High density goes below ect
190
Why do you gas test a tank all the way to the bottom?
There can be multiple gases with multiple densities
191
HUH?
192
Who sets the standards for smoke/ fire detectors?
Underwriters labs
193
4 phases of fire
1) incident
2) smoke
3) flames
4) intense hest
194
Most fire energy is in the ___ band while a lesser amount is in the ___ portion of electromagnetic spectrum
IR
UV ( visible portion)
195
3 functions of a fire/smoke detection system
1) detection
2) announciation
3) protection measures
196
3 categories of smoke detection
1) spot smoke detection
- like home
2) air aspiration systems
Group of tubes/ sample ports
3) open path detectors
Measures thru beam to sensor
197
3 main categories of flame detectors
- optical
Distance it can see - inverse square law
- video
- heat detectirs
198
This is?for?
Inverse square law. Optical flame sensativity
199
Video heat detectors:
Use cctv camera , used in large controlled environments
200
Heat detectors:(respond to?)
Respond to thermal output of fires, 🔥 must be well established before they trigger
201
Changes to the immediate environment by a fire is called
Fire signature
202
HUH?
