Process of Evolution

Question 1

Natural Selection

Answer 1

Tendency of organisms with favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and produce new generations

Question 2

What is artificial selection used for?

Answer 2

To change agricultural and domestic plants and animals

Question 3

Self-pollinating Plant

Answer 3

Fertilization regularly involving gene derived from the same plant

Question 4

Cross-pollinating

Answer 4

Fertilization regularly involving gametes derived from different plants

Question 5

Subspecies

Answer 5

geographically isolated from other members of its species, do not inbreed

Question 6

Varieties

Answer 6

Group of plants within a species, not generally isolated from each other, distinguishing characteristics

Question 7

Cultivar

Answer 7

Produced and maintained by humans

Question 8

Hybrid

Answer 8

cross pollination of two varieties or species

Question 9

developmental plasticity

Answer 9

directly due to environmental conditions

Question 10

cline

Answer 10

change along and environmental gradient

Question 11

ecotype

Answer 11

group of genetically distinct populations of the species

Question 12

Mutations

Answer 12

change in gene or chromosome
- deletion, translocation, inversion

Question 13

Migration

Answer 13

gene flow between populations

Question 14

genetic drift

Answer 14

changes due to random events

Question 15

Founder effect

Answer 15

population becomes separated

Question 16

bottleneck effect

Answer 16

population reduced in numbers

Question 17

Geographic isolation

Answer 17

• isolation prevents gene flow between two populations
• random mutations spread only throughout the population that they arise in
• genetic changes become great that gene flow can’t occur

Question 18

Ecological isolation

Answer 18

• climate, soils, time, mechanical factors play a role
• results in sympatric species that occupy overlapping ranges of territories, that don’t exchange genes

Question 19

What results in changes in chromosome number?

Answer 19

Mistakes during chromosome pairing and separation can result in gametes carrying extra/missing chromosomes

Question 20

Aneuploid

Answer 20

carries 1+ extra chromosomes, or missing 1+ chromosomes

Question 21

Polyploids

Answer 21

more than 2 sets of chromosomes
- result in failure of meiosis to halve chromosome number

Question 22

Autopolyploids

Answer 22

Polyploid formed from the doubling of a single gene

Question 23

Why are hybrids sterile?

Answer 23

The chromosomes do not pair properly at meisos
- if polyploid formed in hybrid, then chromosomes can pair and overcome sterility

Question 24

Allopolyploid

Answer 24

polyploidy formed from the union of 2 separate chromosome sets and their subsequent doubling

Question 25

Apomixis

Answer 25

production of seeds without fertilization
- sterile hybrids reproduce asexually

Question 26

gene pool

Answer 26

sum of all the alleles of all the genes of all the individuals in the population

Question 27

microevolution

Answer 27

small-scale generation-to-generation change in frequency of a population’s alleles