Processes Flashcards
(15 cards)
Monohybrid Punnett Square
Following one trait from two parents.
AA, Aa, aa
Dihybrid Punnett Square
Following two traits from parents.
ex. AaEe
Name the Hardy-Weinberg formulas.
P+Q=1.0
P^2 = homozygous dominant
2pq= heterozygous
q^2= homozygous recessive
P^2+2pq+q^2=1.0
How do you switch DNA to mRNA?
Everything else switches with their complimentary bases and A is replaced by U.
How are DNA and RNA related?
RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded. RNA sugar has one more oxygen molecule, and contains Uracil rather than Thymine in DNA.
What is the role of DNA?
Long-term storage of genetic information, allows transmission of genetic information to make new cells, and replicates itself.
What is the role of RNA?
Transfer genetic code from the nucleus to ribosomes to make proteins, and is synthesized from DNA through transcription.
What is the role of proteins?
Proteins do most of the work in our body, and can become antibodies, enzymes, structural support and transport. Proteins are made from amino acids, created by translation of mRNA codons.
Explain the process of DNA Replication.
A replication fork forms and the enzyme Helicase breaks the bonds between the bases. A piece of RNA is generated through the enzyme Primase. In elongation, Polymerase binds to the strand at the primer and adds the new complimentary base pairs in the 5’ 3’ direction. An enzyme exonuclease removes all RNA primer and replaces them, another proofreads the new DNA strand to check, remove, and replace errors.
Explain the process of transcription.
RNA Polymerase binds and unwinds DNA, accessing a single strand of DNA. Promoters allow Polymerase to bind. Polymerase clears away the promoter once the first bond has happened. It then moves in the 3’ 5’ direction, creating mRNA in the 5’ 3’ direction. T is replaced with U. Termination results in the release of a new mRNA strand.
Explain the process of translation.
A ribosome binds with the mRNA and a tRNA carrying the first amino acid. They bond to make the initiation complex. Beginning at the 5’ end of the mRNA, the codons are read to make an amino acid chain that breaks off to make a protein.
From which genetic information do you find amino acids from?
The mRNA.
What does Turner Syndrome do?
A condition that affects females, when one of the x chromosomes is missing or partially missing. Usually causes short height, heart defects, and failure of ovary development.
What does Klinefelter Syndrome do?
A genetic male will have an extra x chromosome. May effect male maturity, and will show feminine traits instead.
What does Down Syndrome do?
A person has an extra copy of chromosome 21, changing how the body and brain develops.
