PROCESSING OF LATENT IMAGE Flashcards

(99 cards)

1
Q

What are the systems of film processing?

A

manual
automatic
daylight

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2
Q

What are the chemical components of processing the latent image?

A

Developer
Rinsing
Fixer

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3
Q

What are the protective measures when mixing solutions

A

Wear a mask
Waer nitrile gloves
Wear protective glasses

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of image processing?

A

Manual and Automatic

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5
Q

This type of processing is used for the advantage of a longer archival property

A

Manual processing

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6
Q

What are the results of manual processing?

A

Inconsistency and creation of wet mess

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7
Q

Another name for manual processing

A

Hand Processing

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8
Q

Required time and space for manual processing

A

requires 1 hour and excessive amounts of space

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9
Q

Sequence of events in the processing (IN ORDER)

A
Wetting
Developing 
Rinsing
Fixing 
Washing
Drying
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10
Q

This swells the emulsion to permit subsequent chemical penetration

A

Wetting

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11
Q

Required time for wetting in the manual and automatic processing?

A

M - 15 secs

A - none

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12
Q

This process produces a visible image from the latent image

A

Developing

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13
Q

Required time for developing in the manual and automatic processing?

A

M - 5 mins

A - 22 secs

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14
Q

This stops the development process and removes the excess development from the film

A

Rinsing

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15
Q

2 kinds of rinsing

A

Stop bath and Watery

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16
Q

In the stop bath, _______ solution of ______ is mathematical neutralizes the developer

A

1%, acetic acid

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17
Q

This relies on water to rinse & remove excess developer

A

Water bath

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18
Q

Required time for stop bath and water bath in the manual and automatic processing?

A

Stop bath: 30 secs (M) and none (A)

Water bath: 30 secs (M) and none (A)

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19
Q

What is fixing?

A

It removes the unexposed and underdeveloped silver halide crystals from the film emulsion and also hardens the gelatin

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20
Q

Required time for fixing in the manual and automatic processing?

A

10 mins (M) and 22 secs (A)

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21
Q

What’s the purpose of washing?

A

Removes residual from the emulsion surface and excess chemicals unwanted to the film

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22
Q

Required time for washing in the manual and automatic processing?

A

20 mins (M) and 20 secs (A)

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23
Q

Purpose of drying

A

Removes water and prepares radiograph for viewing

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24
Q

Required time for drying in the manual and automatic processing?

A

30 mins (M) and 26 secs (A)

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25
This prepares the film for viewing and storage
drying
26
2 ways of drying a film
By electric drier/exposure to room air
27
What is the total time to process one film during manual processing?
65 m and 30 secs
28
this softens the gelatin and develops the latent image
developer
29
2 chemicals under the developing agent and their functions
Phenidone - produces shades of grey | Hydroquinone - produces shades of black
30
Another name of developing agent
reducing agent
31
This helps swell gelatin and it produces alkalinity controls pH
Activator
32
Chemical/s under the activator
Sodium Carbonate
33
Another name for activator
accelerator
34
This is an ani-fog agent and protects unexposed crystals from chemical
Restrainer
35
Chemical/s under restrainer
Potassium Bromide and Potassium Iodide
36
This controls the oxidation; it maintains balance among developer components
preservative
37
Chemicals under preservative
sodium sulfite
38
This controls the emulsion swelling and enhances archival property
hardener
39
Chemical/s under hardener
glutaraldehyde
40
This removes metallic impurities and stabilizes the developing agent
sequestering agent
41
Chemical/s under sequestering agent
chelates
42
This dissolves the chemicals for use
Solvent
43
Chemical/s under solvent
water
44
This neutralizes the developer and stops its action; it also buffers the solution
activator (fixer)
45
Another name for activator
acidifier
46
Chemical/s under activator
acetic acid
47
This removes the undeveloped silver bromine from the emulsion to prevent further blackening
Fixing agent
48
Another word for fixing agent
clearing agent
49
Chemical/s under fixing agent
Ammonium thiosulfate and Sodium thiosulfate
50
This stiffens and shrinks the emulsion
Hardener (fixer)
51
Chemical/s under the hardener
Potassium Alum Aluminum Chloride Chromium Alum
52
This maintains a chemical balance and is used to prevent deterioration of the clearing agent
Preservative (fixer)
53
Chemical/s under preservative
Sodium sulfite
54
This maintains proper pH
Buffer
55
Chemical/s under buffer
Acetate
56
This removes the aluminum ions
Sequestering agent (fixer)
57
Chemical/s under the fixer sequestering agent
Boric acids and salts
58
This dissolves other components
solvent (fixer)
59
Chemical/s under fixer solvent
water
60
another term for automatic processing
dry-to-dry processing
61
When was the automatic processor first made available?
The 1950s
62
Who made/designed the first unit of an Automatic processor?
Eastman Kodak Company
63
The first unit of automatic processor required a time of ______ in processing films
excess of 7 minutes
64
Today, the processing times are reduced to as little as _____
45 seconds
65
What are the 5 principal components of an automatic processor
``` Transport Recirculation Replenishment Wash Dryer ```
66
This moves the film through the processor through a series of rollers
Transport system
67
What are the different parts of the transport system?
Roller, Transport racks, drive motor
68
What are the two subsystems of the transport system?
Turn-around system | Cross-over system
69
Difference between turn-over and cross-over systems?
T: turns the film around the bottom of the tanks C: located at the top of the tank; allows the film to be moved to the next tank
70
These are special devices that guide the | film to change direction. These are also curved devices with small ridges that may cause a processing artifact
Guide shoes
71
It squeezes the excess developer from the wet film | emulsion before it moves to the fixer solution
Squeegee Assembly
72
What is the speed at which the film must move through the processor?
The speed must remain constant
73
This agitates the solution and helps maintain the temperature
Transport system
74
Its purpose is to provide continuous mixing of | the chemicals
Recirculation system
75
Parts of the recirculation system
Filter Thermostat Heater
76
This part of the recirculation system serves to remove debris and other substances that may fall into the tanks
Filter
77
This is one of the key elements to the successful use of an automatic processor
Replenishment Rate
78
What are the replenishment rates for a developer and fixer?
Developer 60-70 ml Fixer 100-110 ml for every 35 cm (14 inches) of the film
79
Its function is a to add solutions to the developer and fixer tanks as each piece of x-ray film move through the system
Replenishment system
80
It serves to maintain the volume and strength of | the solutions in the developer & fixer tanks
Replenishment system
81
This activates the pump that sends replenisher solution into the tank as the film moves between the rollers of the transport system
Microswitch
82
What are the subsystems of the replenishment system?
Over-replenishment Slight under replenishment Under replenishment Adequate Replenishment
83
It may result in a decrease in contrast and density on the film
Over-replenishment
84
This can result in an increase in contrast
Slight under replenishment
85
Contributes to a loss of both contrast and density
Under replenishment
86
It keeps the chemical activity stable and helps | prevent tackiness of the film
Adequate replenishment
87
It is necessary to remove excess chemicals to prevent deterioration of the film
Wash system
88
The finished film must only contain _______
developed silver crystals
89
Water flows around the chemical tanks to help ______
control the temperature
90
It blows hot air across the surface of the film to enhance the drying of the surface
Dryer System
91
Air temperature of the dryer
110 to 120°F
92
Air is continually dried by a what?
dehumidifier
93
Most of the dry hot air is ________, however, the dryer must be ______
recirculated, vented
94
How do you maintain the processor unit in automatic processing?
- Routine checks and cleaning of the transport rollers - Careful examination and adjustment of the guide shoes - Cleaning and replacing filters
95
What are the daily maintenance procedures?
* Temperature readings * Water flow * Drainage * Filters * Replenishment rate * Microswitch control
96
It operates without the need for a conventional darkroom
Daylight Processing
97
What kind of cassettes are used in daylight processing?
Special Cassettes
98
What is the advantage of using daylight processing?
Removal, loading, and moving of film without interaction by staff personnel
99
What is the disadvantage of using daylight processing?
* Costly than a standard processor * Mechanical breakdowns * Artifacts caused by mechanical devices