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N225-Nutrition > Proctor > Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

*45-65% calories/day
*provides energy for cellular work, regulates protein/ fat metabolism.
* 4 Cal/g energy

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2
Q

Monosaccharides

A

*Simple carbohydrates; glucose (corn syrup), fructose (fruit), galactose (milk)
*liver converts fructose & galactose into glucose
*basic energy for cells

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3
Q

Disaccharides

A

*Simple carb; sucrose (table sugar), maltose (malt sugar), lactose (milk sugar)
*energy, aids calcium/ phosphorous absorption (lactose)

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4
Q

Polysaccharides

A

*complex carbs; fiber (whole grains/fruits/ veggies), starches (root veggies, grains, legumes), glycogen (in liver/ muscles, released between meals)
*starches- energy storage
*fiber- digestive aid

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5
Q

Fiber

A

*dietary fiber-from plants, indigestible
*types- pectin, gum, cellulose, oligosaccharides
*ferments/ metabolizes in colon
*slows rate of glucose absorption, adds bulk to feces, stimulates peristalsis

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6
Q

Protein Types

A

*complete proteins (contain all 9 essential nutrients)
*incomplete (does not ^)
*complementary proteins- 2 incomplete make a complete, eaten separately through day or together (beans/ rice), (hummus/ crackers)
*0.8 g/ kg, 10 to 35% Cal/day, 4 Cal/ g of energy

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7
Q

Main function of proteins

A

*Amino acids variously linked, tissue building and maintenance, nitrogen balance, transport nutrient, immune function, fluid/ acid-base/ electrolyte balance, enzyme antibody formation/ histamine

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8
Q

Fat-Lipids functions

A

*concentrated stored energy for hormone production, pads organs, body insulation, covers nerve fibers, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

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9
Q

Types of Lipids daily percentage and energy

A

*Triglycerides
* Phospholipids
*Sterols
*20-35% (<10% from saturated fat sources-cachexic)
*9 Cal/ g of energy

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10
Q

Triglycerides

A

*95% of fat in food
*combine with glycerol for energy
*forms adipose tissue, pads organs
* fat-soluble vitamin transport

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11
Q

Types of triglycerides, sources, function

A

*Saturates fatty acids, solid at room temp, primarily animals sources
*unsaturated fatty acids (mono & poly); corn fish, wheat germ, olives, canola oil
*Essential fatty acids; broken down fats (omega-3/ omega-6); support blood clotting, blood pressure, inflammatory response, metabolic process

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12
Q

Phospholipids type & function

A

*lecithin; for cell membrane structures, transport fat soluble substance across cell membrane

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13
Q

Sterols Type & Function

A

*Cholesterol; not essential, made by liver, increase CVD if over consumed

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14
Q

Lipid considerations

A
  • too much= DM /CVD/ HTN
    *Decreased Dietary cholesterol= < CVD and obesity
    *Major metabolism when bile>small intestine
    *pancreatic lipase breaks remainder and and excreted (feces)
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15
Q

VLDL, LDL, HDL

A

*VLDL- carry triglycerides to cell
*LDL- carries cholesterol to tissue cells
*HLD-removes excess cholesterol from the cells> liver (disposes)

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16
Q

Vitamin Types (13 essential) & main function

A

*Water Soluble (C, B)
*fat-soluble (A,D,E,K)
*catalyst for metabolic functions/ chemical reactions/ need to metabolize energy

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17
Q

Vitamin C actions, sources, deficiencies

A

*ascorbic acid
*antioxidant, tissue building, iron absorption
*citrus fruits/ juices, legumes
*< iron absorption (bleeding gums)

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18
Q

Vitamin B (Thiamin B1) actions, sources, deficiencies

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A

*muscle energy, energy metabolism
*meats, grains legumes
*beriberi, headache, weight loss, fatigue

19
Q

Vitamin B (Riboflavin, B2) actions, sources, deficiencies

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A

*release energy from cells
* milk, meats, dark leafy
*skin eruptions, cracked lips, red swollen tongue

20
Q

Vitamin B ( Niacin B3) actions, sources, deficiencies

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A

*metabolism of fat, glucose, alcohol, synthesis fatty acids/ cholesterol/ steroid hormones
*liver, nuts, legumes
*Pellagra, skin lesions, GI/ CNS findings, dementia

21
Q

Vitamin B (Pantothenic acid) actions, sources, deficiencies

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A
  • carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
  • meats, whole grain cereals, dried peas/ beans
    *rare gen. body system failure
22
Q

Vitamin B (Pyridoxine B6) actions, sources, deficiencies

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A
  • cellular function, heme/ neurotransmitter synthesis
    *meat, grains, and legumes
    *macrocytic anemia, CNS disturbances, poor growth
23
Q

Vitamin B (Folate) actions, sources, deficiencies

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A

*synthesis of amino acids/ hemoglobin, formation of fetal neural tube
*liver, green leafy vegetables, legumes
*megaloblastic anemia, CNS disturbances

24
Q

Vitamin B (Cobalamin B12) actions, sources, deficiencies

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A

*folate activation, RBC maturation
*meats, clams, oysters, dairy products
*pernicious anemia, GI findings, poor muscle coordination, paresthesia of hands/ feet

25
Vitamin B (Biotin) actions, sources, deficiencies
*fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glucose formation *eggs, milk, dark green veg *rare; scaly rash, hair loss, depression, fatigue
26
Vitamin A actions, sources, deficiencies
*normal vision, tissue strength, growth immune function *orange/ yellow fruit/ veg., fatty fish, dairy *reduced night vision, dry/ thick corneas, mucosa changes
27
Vitamin D actions, sources, deficiencies
* maintain blood calcium/ phosphorous, bone development *fish, fortified dairy, eggs yolks, sunlight *low blood calcium, fragile bones, rickets, osteomalacia
28
Vitamin E actions, sources, deficiencies
*Protect Vitamin A from oxidation *veg. oils, grains, nuts, dark green veg. *anemia, edema and skin lesions (infants)
29
Vitamin K actions, sources, deficiencies
*essential for prothrombin synthesis, bone metabolism *green leafy veg., eggs *increased bleeding times
30
What are major minerals?
*inorganic elements, abundant in foods, used at every cellular level for metabolic exchange *needed in large amounts (> 5 mg/day)
31
Major Mineral Sodium (Na) actions, sources, deficiencies, excess, actions
*fluid volume, muscle contractions, nerve impulses *table salt, added salt, processed food *fluid retention, HTN, disorientation *monitor; LOC, edema, B/P
32
Major Mineral Potassium (K) actions, sources, deficiencies, excess, actions
*fluid volume inside cells, muscle action *oranges, dried fruits, tomatoes, avocados, dried peas, meats, broccoli, bananas, dairy, whole grains, potatoes *dysrhythmias, muscle cramps, confusion *dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, irritability, confusion, numb extremities
33
Major Mineral Chloride (Cl) actions, sources, deficiencies, excess, actions
* assists w/ intracellular/ extracellular fluid balance, acid-base balance, digestion *table salt, added salt, processed foods *rare; muscle cramps, anorexia *vomiting *monitor sodium levels
34
Major Mineral Calcium (Ca) actions, sources, deficiencies, excess, actions
*bone. teeth formation, B/P, blood clotting, nerve transmission *dairy, broccoli, kale, fortified grains *tetany, + Chvostek's/ Trousseau's signs, ECG changes, osteoporosis, poor growth in children *constipation, renal stones, lethargy, depressed deep-tendon reflexes *Monitor ECG/ resp status, PO tab w/ Vitamin D
35
Major Mineral Magnesium (Mg) actions, sources, deficiencies, excess, actions
* bone formation, catalyst for many enzyme reactions, nerve/ muscle function, smooth muscle relaxation *green leafy, nuts, whole grains, tune, halibut, chocolate *<; weakness, dysrhythmias, convulsion, > B/P, anorexia * >; diarrhea, nausea, muscle weakness, hypotension, bradycardia, lethargy *follow seizure precautions, monitor LOC/ vital signs
36
Major Mineral Phosphorous (P) actions, sources, deficiencies, excess, actions
*energy transfer of RNA/DNA, acid-base balance, bone/ teeth formation *dairy, peas, meat, eggs, legumes *<; unknown *>; decreased blood calcium levels * note any type/ use of antacids, and alcohol
37
Major Mineral Sulfur (S) actions, sources, deficiencies, excess, actions
* component of vitamin structure, by-product of protein metabolism *proteins *<; via protein deficiencies (severe) *>; no findings *not monitored
38
Trace Minerals (Micronutrient)
* requirement= <5 g *there are 9; iron, iodine, copper, manganese, chromium, selenium, molybdenum, fluoride
39
trace mineral iodine
* sources, salt, seafood *synthesis of the thyroid hormone thyroxine which regulates metabolism
40
trace mineral Iron
*oxygen distribution to hemoglobin and myoglobin *Clients in menstruating years, older infants/ toddler, pregnant women are at risk for iron deficiency anemia
41
trace mineral fluoride
*forms bond w/ calcium, accumulates in calcified body tissue (bones/ teeth). *added to H20, protect against dentil cavities
42
Water
*Body can survive a few days only w/out *Leaves the body via kidneys, skin, lungs, feces. Other, bleeding, vomiting, and rapid resp. *Minimum amount of H2) required 1500 mL, input=output, 1,000 mL excreted through insensible losses, 500 ml through metabolic waste *female intake= 2.7 L/day *male intake= 3.7 L/day *thirst is a late indication of dehydration in older adults
43

N225-Nutrition (1 decks)

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