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PEDS > Prodigy- Peds > Flashcards

Prodigy- Peds Flashcards

1
Q

Whos got the longer epiglottis, kids or adults

A

kids

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2
Q

pediatric airway differences compared to the adult

-trachea (longer/shorter)
-epiglottis (longer/shorter)
-tongue relatively (larger/smaller)
-larynx more (cephalad/caudad)
-narrowest part?

A

shorter trachea
longer epiglottis
tongue larger
larynx more cephalad
narrowest part = cricoid ring (fixed) [dynamic = vocal cords] [vocal cords is narrowest in adult]

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3
Q

Level of the larynex in the infant vs adult

A

infant C3-C4
adult C4-C6

premie

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4
Q

T/F: the most common significant airway problem in the pediatric patients is airway obstruction due to laryngomalacia

A

True

softening of the laryngeal tissues

  • upper airway tends to collapse during inspriation
  • *PPV
  • this typically resolves on its own as the kid grows up
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5
Q

Young child alveolar ventilation to FRC ratio

what is in in older children/adults

cause?
significance?

A

5:1

1.5:1

higher o2 consumption
results in faster deoxygenation

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6
Q

What is cardiac output most depdenent on in pediatric patients and why?

A

HR bc they have a decreased ability to increase their stroke volume

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7
Q

what is hypotension ina child with a normal heart rate usually indiciated of?

how should it be treated?

A

hypovolemia

fluids

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8
Q

PR interval in infants

A

0.10

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9
Q

Failure of the V1-V4 T waves to invert by week one of age can indicate what?

A

RV hypertrophy

  • the RV is predominate in intrauterine development resulting in a right axis at birth.
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10
Q

6 variables that contribute to the rate of FA/FI rise (wash-in)

A
  1. inspired concentration of gas (%)
  2. alveolar ventilation
  3. FRC
  4. CO
  5. Solubility of the gas
  6. alveolar to venous partial pressure gradient of the anesthetic

washin is quicker in infants due to higher alveolar ventilation to frc watio (5:1) + greater distibution of CO to VRG

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11
Q

If an increased in CO in adults slows the rate of rise of FA/FI, why does an increase in cardiac output speed the rate of FA/FI in infants?

induction dose in infants compared to children

A

likely related to differences in blood distribution
-VRG comprises a greater proportion of body mass (18% compared to only 8% in adults) - so more blood from CO goes to VRG

infants 2.5-3mg/kg

kids 2-2.5mg/kg

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12
Q

Most common IV induction agent in pediatrics

A

propofol

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13
Q

Sux IV doses in:
neonates, infants, teens

IM dose - onset/doa

A

neonates = 3-4mg/kg
infants = 2mg/kg
teens = 1mg/kg

IM 4mg/kg onset 1-2 mins, doa 20 mins

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14
Q

Do neonates exhibit increased or decreased sensitivity to NDMRs?

why or why not

do you need more or less?

A

increased sensitivity to NDMRs

- the immature NMJ remains open longer, allowing more sodium into cell

however, you dont need more because neonates and infants have a larger relative ECF volume , increasing the colume of distribution for NMBs which are highly ionized and water soluable

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15
Q

T/F- the most widely used perioperative opioids in kids is fentanyl

is it water/lipid soluble and what does it bind to?

A

true

highly lipid solubalbe and
primarily bound to alpha-1 acid glycoprotein

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16
Q

dose of intranasal fentanyl

A

1-2mcg/kg

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17
Q

T/f- midazolam is water soluble prior to injection

A

true!

once its exposed to physiologic pH the imadazoel ring closes and it becomes lipid soluble

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18
Q

oral dose of midazolam in pediatric population

intranasal and intramsucular doses of midaz

IV dose and possible side effect

A

0.25-0.75mg/kg **(0.5mg/kg) **

0.1-0.2mg/kg

0.05-0.15 ( 0.1mg/kg) - can produce myoclonus that may look like siezure activity

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19
Q

oral dose of precedex in kids & it’s onset

nasal dose - onset

IV infusion

A

2-4mcg/kg - 30-60 mins

1-2mcg/kg - 60 mins

1mcg/kg over 10 mins followed by infusion of 0.3-0.7mcg/kg/hr

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20
Q

T/F- if bradycardia occurs from precedex, it should be treated with glycopyrrolate

A

FALSE

*can result in significant hypertension!

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21
Q

How long does acetaminophen provide analgesia for?

PO dose and onset; rectal dose and onset

IV dose and frequency

A

about 4 hours

PO 10-15mg/kg 10-15mins; Rectal 30-40mg/kg 1-2hrs

15mg/kg q6 hours

Simplify:
15mg/kg PO & IV; double for rectal 30mg/kg

Onset:
10-20mins PO
1-2hrs rectal

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22
Q

max dose of acetaminophen should not exceed what in a 24hr period

A

100mg/kg

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23
Q

In the US, etomidate is only approved for use in children older than what age?

A

10yo

can result in a drenal suppression for up to 24 hrs following short infusions and single doses

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24
Q

What IV induction agent is associated with nightmares

A

Ketamine

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25
Q

What is the only induction agent that can be used for IM injection

why wouldnt you want to give it to everyone? (3)

A

Ketamine

slower onset, painful, and potential for abcess formation

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26
Q

T/F- if achild has had a hospitalization for asthma, than their degree of asthema should be considered severe

A

True

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27
Q

T/F- even if they are not exhibiting any symptoms, children with a history of mild to moderate asthema should be administered a bronchodilator preoperatively

A

True

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28
Q

what do you need to ask if a kid has a history of asthma (4)

A
  1. what age did it start
  2. have they ever been hospitalized - when
  3. current treatment regiment
  4. current state of symptom control
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29
Q

Muscular dystrophy is a (dominant/recessive) trait that appears between what ages

symptoms

A

sex-linked recessive trait in males
2-5yo

painless, progressive muscle degeneration

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30
Q

In all muscular dystrophy there is a symmetric/assymetiric atrophy of skeletmal muscle, however, there is no denervation of skeletal tissue - what does this mean?

A

symmetric atrophy of skeletal muscle tissue

-intanct innervation to the msucle tissue means sensation and reflexes will be intact

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31
Q

kids with myopathies often exhibit proximal or distal limb weakness

A

proximal

+ptosis, facial weakness, resp muscle weakness, cardiomypathy (central to peripheral it seems)

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32
Q

most common inhertied muscular dystrophy

problem with depolarizers or non?

A

myotonic dystrophy

both but sensitivity to sux
-think nerves are intact, but muscle tissue atrophies so the post synaptic receptors are going to proliferate

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33
Q

What is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy?

Onset?

What leads to EKG changes and what are they? (3- ones a rhythm and two very specific changes in certain leads)

A

An X-linked recessive disorder resulting from a near complete absences of dystrophin

onset 2-yo

degeneration of mycoardial cells (short PR, tall R waves in V1, deep Q waves in limb leads, and sinus tach)

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34
Q

Duchennes EKG changes (4)

A

Short PR
Tall R in V1
Deep Q in Limb leads
Sinus tach

*absence of dystrophyin

35
Q

What is Becker muscular dystrophy?

A

a milder form of duschenes wit han onset that is usually when they are older than 10 (second decade of life)

reduced levels of dystrophin

36
Q

What is Emery-Dreifuss syndrome and what is the primary concern

what do you need pre-op?

A

a milder form of muscular dystrophy
-primary concern = cardiac conduction defects resulting in syncope

preop echo and ekg

37
Q

Is the incidence of OSA in kids greater in boys or girls?

A

equal incidence between both

38
Q

gold standard for diagnosising OSA

A

polysomnography

39
Q

what should you be thinking if you have a kid with OSA

A

to use alternative pain mangemenet stratgeis like NSAIDS, local, regional, ketamine, and alpha-2 agonists

*opioids may compound issue

40
Q

What is postconceptual age

A

gestational age + postnatal age

41
Q

what should be considered for any infant born between 37 weeks or less than 60 weeks post conceptual age for any surgical procedure

A

avoid opioids and give IV caffine 10mg/kg to reduce risk of apnea

42
Q

the most common surgical procedure in former premature infants is what

what kind of anesthetic should you use

A

hernia repair

spinal or caudal

43
Q

What % of severely obese pediatric patients will exhibit insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome?

A

50%
(20% GERD, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease)

44
Q

how should the bed be psotioned during preoxygenation and airway mangement of the obese pediatric patient

A

hob raised at least 25 degrees so the tragus is above the level of the sternum

45
Q

pedaitric drug dosing:

drugs for TBW (5)
IBW (2)
LBW (2)

A

TBW: AF SSS Alfent, Fent, Sufent, sux, suga
IBW: morphine and NDMRS
LBW: prop and remi

IBW for kids less than 8= 2x age + 9
IBW for kids older than 8 = 3 x age

LBW = IBW + 1/3 (TBW- IBW)

ridiculous- adult LBW is IBW x 1.3 - think im sticking with that one

46
Q

until you’ve reached a threshold at which you will adminsiter blood products, the traditional protocol is to administer how much of a balanced salt solution IV for each 1ml of blood loss

A

3cc

so 10cc blood loss =30 cc volume

47
Q

MABL =

A

EBV x (hct - minimum Hct/hct)

48
Q

third space loses for:
minor surgery
moderate surgery
major surgery

A

minor = 1-2ml/kg/hr
moderate = 2-5ml/kg/hr
major = 6-10ml/kg/hr

49
Q

maintenance fluid requirement for a ptient who weighs 5kg

A

5 x 4 = 20ml/hr

4-2-1 rule
first 10 kg x 4mls/hr
10-20kg = 40 + 2ml/kg for every kg over 10
>20kg = 60ml + 1ml/kg for every kg > 20kg

50
Q

maintenance fluid requirment for kid who weighs 15kg

A

10 x 4 = 40ml/hr +
5 x 2= 10ml/hr
=
50ml/hr

4-2-1 rule
first 10 kg x 4mls/hr
10-20kg = 40 + 2ml/kg for every kg over 10
>20kg = 60ml + 1ml/kg for every kg > 20kg

51
Q

adding 40mls to weight in kg works for kids weighing over what?

A

20kg

52
Q

Performing a deep extubation in kids generally requires an anesthetic level of what?

A

1.5-2x MAC

53
Q

Highest incidence of respiratory complications postop is most common in kids under what age?

A

1yo

54
Q

incidence of vomitting is most likely to occur in kids over what age?

A

> 8yo

55
Q

first step in treating layngospasm

A

removing the offending cause - suction airway

then jaw thrust/postive pressure with 100% o2

56
Q

difference between inspiratory stridor and expiratory stridor (causes)

A

inspiratory stridor results from upper airway obstruction
expiratory stridor results in lower airway obstruction

57
Q

most common caues of desaturation in pacu in an otherwise healthy kid are what 2 things

A

airway obstruction and hypoventilation

58
Q

t/f emergence delirium is more common with sevo in the pediatric population

A

true followed by des than iso

59
Q

how long does postop delerium usually last

what can you give if inclined to not just let them ride it out

A

10-15 mins

propofol, midaz, ketamine, opioids, dexmedetomidine

60
Q

highest incidence of NV (age range/sex)

dosing of decadron/zofran

A

females between 10-16yo

decadron 0.1mg/kg , zofran 0.05mg/kg - can reduce incidience as much as 80%

61
Q

NMBs are not routinely used in kids except for in what 2 instances

A

laproscopic surgery or RSI

62
Q

Compared to the adult, the neonatal
A. cardiac output is much less relative to body weight
B. myocardium is more sensitive to norepinephrine
C. myocardium is more sensitive to dopamine
D. baseline heart rate is lower

A

B

63
Q

What is an appropriate rectal dose of acetaminophen for a pediatric patient for postoperative analgesia?
A. 1-2 mg/kg
B. 100 mg/kg
C. 20-30 mg/kg
D. 10-15 mg/kg

A

C

64
Q

the age of:
A. 11-15 years
B. 25-30 years
C. 16-20 years
D. 5-10 years

A

not D…maybe A

65
Q

Which of the following would be an acceptable intravenous induction dose of ketamine in a healthy 35 kg pediatric patient?
A. 25 mg
B. 75 mg
C. 125 mg
D. 175 mg

A

B

(2mg/kg)

66
Q

In 2013, the FDA issued a black box warning against the use of codeine for postoperative pain for children undergoing _____.
A. inguinal hernia repair
B. tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
C. strabismus surgery
D. laparoscopic surgery

A

B

67
Q

Which of the following routes of administration of midazolam would be least recommended for a five year-old patient?
A. Rectal
B. Oral
C. Intramuscular
D. Intranasal

A

Not A, maybe C

68
Q

Ideally, anesthesia should not be performed on children for _____ week(s) following an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI).
A. two
B. eight
C. four
D. one

A

Not A, maybe C

69
Q

Meperidine is only recommended for the treatment of
A. shivering
B. increased intracranial pressure
C. seizures
D. postoperative pain in pediatrics

A

A

70
Q

Which abnormality is associated with micrognathia and downward displacement of the tongue?
A. Down syndrome
B. Crouzon disease
C. Pierre-Robin syndrome
D. Apert syndrome

A

C

71
Q

Administration of a large dose of which of the following drugs would be most likely to produce seizures in a pediatric patient?
A. Propofol
B. Flumazenil
C. Succinylcholine
D. Thiopental

A

B

72
Q

In former premature infants, the incidence of apnea increases with decreased postconceptual age and
A. hyperkalemia
B. anemia
C. hypocalcemia
D. thrombocytosis

A

B

73
Q

Caudal anesthesia would be a useful anesthetic adjunct in all of the following pediatric surgeries except:
A. Omphalocele repair
B. Clubfoot repair
C. Inguinal herniorrhaphy
D. Circumcision

A

A

74
Q

Approximately how long will a dose of intravenous acetaminophen provide analgesia?
A. 2 hours
B. 8 hours
C. 4 hours
D. 30 minutes

A

C

75
Q

Infants who were born before 37 weeks gestation and are less than 60 weeks postconceptual age require postanesthesia respiratory monitoring for apnea following
A. tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
B. intracranial surgery
C. abdominal surgery
D. all surgical procedures

A

D

76
Q

You are applying EMLA cream to a pediatric patient prior to placement of an intravenous line. What layer of skin is the primary determining factor in the speed of onset?
A. stratume lucidum
B. stratum cirrus
C. stratum basale
D. stratum corneum

A

D

77
Q

What is the primary anesthetic concern for patients with Emery-Dreifuss syndrome?
A. dry eyes and corneal abrasion
B. aspiration
C. renal failure
D. cardiac conduction defects

A

D

78
Q

Essential supplies that should be available when transporting a pediatric patient to recovery following a deep extubation include
A. fentanyl and midazolam
B. a laryngoscope and 7.0 ETT
C. a supraglottic airway and a defibrillator
D. oxygen and a self-inflating manual resuscitator

A

D

79
Q

What is the ideal body weight in kilograms for a ten year-old child?
A. 20
B. 30
C. 45
D. 60

A

B

80
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
A. Loss of reflexes
B. Symmetric skeletal muscle wasting
C. Mitral regurgitation
D. Recurrent pneumonia

A

A

81
Q

The potency of rocuronium is inversely related to
A. alpha-1 acid glycoprotein levels
B. hemoglobin level
C. age
D. intracranial pressure

A

C

82
Q

What is the most common significant airway problem in pediatric anesthesia?
A. bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy
B. tracheoesophageal fistula
C. subglottic stenosis
D. laryngomalacia

A

D

softening of the laryngeal muscles - makes them collapse during inspiration

83
Q

After extubating a pediatric patient, the oxygen saturation begins dropping, you are unable to ventilate by mask, and there is no end-tidal CO2 waveform. You should first
A. perform compressions
B. turn on sevoflurane
C. apply positive airway pressure
D. turn on nitrous oxide

A

C

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