production

Question 1

What are the 3 major systems important for speech production?

Answer 1

1. Respiratory system (sub-glottal)
2. Laryngeal system
3. Supra-laryngeal system / vocal tract

Question 2

What 3 things make up the respiratory (sub-glottal) system? What is its function?

Answer 2

• Trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Respiration

Question 3

What 2 things make up the laryngeal system? What is its function?

Answer 3

• Larynx & glottis
• Phonation

Question 4

What 3 things make up the supra-laryngeal system (vocal tract)? What is its function?

Answer 4

• Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx
• Articulation

Question 5

Egressive pulmonic airstream def?

Answer 5

• Speaker produces a stream of exhaled air and modulates it to make audible sounds
• Most of the world’s languages use it

Question 6

Lungs:
- what don’t they have?
- 25% elasticity due to __?
- 75% elasticity due to __?

Answer 6

• don’t have muscles! Just spongy, elastic “fabric”
• 25% → tissue elasticity
• 75% → surface tension of water molecules in blood around the alveoli

Question 7

Breathing:
Boyle’s Law? (equation & explanation)

Answer 7

• pressure x volume = constant
• increasing volume decreases pressure, leading to ingressive airflow

Question 8

How does lung volume change?

Answer 8

• movement of thoracic cavity (ribs & diaphragm) is transmitted to the
  lungs

Question 9

Chest movement for inspiration?

Answer 9

• Ribs turn out –> expand chest
• Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
• Volume inc. pressure dec., air IN

Question 10

Chest movement for exhalation/speaking?

Answer 10

• During expiration, inspiration muscles hold lungs back
• Maintains stable air pressure
• Allows for control of intensity of speech signal
• Breaths happen at “normal” syntactic breaks

Question 11

Vocal fold vibration:
Opens & closes how?

Answer 11

• Opens: bottom to top & back to front
• Closes: bottom to top & middle both forward and backward
• closure is often incomplete with small triangle open in the back

Question 12

Vocal fold vibration:
Rate of vibration = ? (measured in ?)

Answer 12

Fundamental frequency (Hz = cycle/sec)

Question 13

4 Factors that affect vocal fold vibration?

Answer 13

1. Age (adults<child)
2. Sex (M<F)
3. Language (tone, intonation)
4. Paralinguistic factors (mood, emotion)

Question 14

Loudness is affected by what factor? How is this controlled?

Answer 14

• Air pressure
• Passive: flows out of lungs til rest position
• Active - restraining passive air flow
• Beyond - active force

Question 15

3 phonation types?

Answer 15

1. modal voice
2. breathy voice (murmur)
3. creaky voice

Question 16

Modal voice def?

Answer 16

• regular vibration of vocal folds

Question 17

Breathy voice def?

Answer 17

• arytenoids not fully adducted,
• so vfs do not close completely along entire length during a cycle

Question 18

Creaky voice def?

Answer 18

• vfs very relaxed
• air “bubbles” through
• produced very low vibration rate (30-50/s)

Question 19

Creaky voice important things to know?

Answer 19

• Common at ends of utterances
• Wide variation among speakers
• Used phonetically in some languages
• Also referred to as “vocal fry”

Question 20

Open quotient def?

Answer 20

proportion of the cycle for which the folds are open

Question 21

Open quotient for 3 phonation types?

Answer 21

Modal: oq = 0.5
Breathy: oq = 0.65
Creaky: oq = 0.3

Question 22

Voiceless:
VF position? VF vibration?

Answer 22

• far apart
• no

Question 23

Whisper:
VF position? VF vibration?

Answer 23

• less far apart
• no

Question 24

Breathy:
VF position? VF vibration?

Answer 24

• slightly apart
• yes

Question 25

Voiced (Modal): VF position? VF vibration?

Answer 25

- close together - yes

Question 26

Creaky voice: VF position? VF vibration?

Answer 26

- posteriorly: tightly together - anteriorly: slackly together - yes

Question 27

Palatography: - things to know? - shows what?

Answer 27

- determine place of articulation of _isolated_ sounds - Shows pattern of contact between tongue and palate - palatogram: → paint person's tongue or palate/ridge/teeth

Question 28

Electropalatography: - things to know? - uses?

Answer 28

- more modern - digital retainer - specific articulations AND coarticulation - has clinical applications / uses

Question 29

Electromyography?

Answer 29

- measure muscle activity - electrodes attach to muscles to see when they're active during speech

Question 30

Electromagnetic articulography (EMA):

Answer 30

- updated version of Electromyography - silver pellets stuck on lips and tongue - mid-sagittal design - tracks movement of pellets, taking into account movement of the head - used for specific articulations AND coarticulations

Question 31

Ultrasounds? - uses?

Answer 31

- Images of soft tissue (not bone or air) - Used clinically for speech - Recently for investigating articulation of particular sounds - Ex. english “r” has many different pronunciations / articulations

Question 32

Consonants classified by what 3 things?

Answer 32

1. voicing 2. place of art. 3. manner of art.

Question 33

Manners of articulation?

Answer 33

- stop - fricative - nasal - affricate - approximates - tap/flap

Question 34

What classes make up obstruents?

Answer 34

stops, fricatives, & affricates

Question 35

What classes make up sonorants?

Answer 35

nasals, approximants, & vowels

Question 36

What are the sibilants?

Answer 36

/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/

Question 37

What are the liquids?

Answer 37

/l/, /ɹ/

Question 38

What are the glides?

Answer 38

/w/, /j/

Question 39

Primary elements of articulation for vowels?

Answer 39

1. shape & position of tongue 2. shape of lips

Question 40

Vowel space (in the mouth) def?

Answer 40

the area in the oral cavity within which the tongue can move without creating friction

Question 41

5 english diphthongs?

Answer 41

Vowel + glide: - /aɪ/ - /aʊ/ - /ɔɪ/ Vowel + offglide: - /eɪ/ - /oʊ/