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Azuka Marine (Mr McGill) > Productivity + Measuring Productivity > Flashcards

Productivity + Measuring Productivity Flashcards

1
Q

Ecosystem

A

A community and its physical environment treated together as a functional system

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2
Q

Abiotic components

A
  • Non-living components of ecosystems
  • Solar energy provides practically all the energy for ecosystems.
  • Inorganic substances (ex. water, minerals) tend to cycle through ecosystems.
  • Organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other complex molecules, form a link between biotic and abiotic components of the system
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3
Q

Made by living organisms

A

organic substances

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4
Q

Not made by living organisms

A

Inorganic substances

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5
Q

Biotic compontnets

A
  • Living components of ecosystems

- Can be classified according to their mode of energy acquisition

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6
Q

Autotrophs

A

An organisms that can capture the energy in light or chemicals and use it to produce carbohydrates from simple molecules such as carbon dioxide

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7
Q

Heterotrophs

A

An organisms that cannot make its own food and instead relies on consuming other organisms; all animals, fungi and protozoans are heterotrophic, as well as most bacteria

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8
Q

The first stage of how things

are produced

A

Primary productivity

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9
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process of using light energy to synthesise glucose from carbon dioxide and water (plants and algae)

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10
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

The production of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using the energy derived from reactions with inorganic chemicals (chemosynthetic organisms)

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11
Q

A fundamental life process to create ATP (energy) for metabolic processes in the all living organisms

A

Cellular Respiration

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12
Q

Aerobic respiration requires…

A

oxygen and glucose (organic chemical) which comes from the products of photosynthesis

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13
Q

Source of chemical energy for life

A

Photosynthesis

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14
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plants and algae?

A

In the Chlorophyll

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15
Q

90% of living organisms in aquatic environments live here…

A

Photic zone

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16
Q

Biomass

A

Living mass of an organism

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17
Q

Photic zone

A

Place with a lot of light/access with to light

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18
Q

Biomass is created by…

A

the synthesis of organic chemicals

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19
Q

Most important producers in marine ecosystem:

A
  • Phytoplankton
  • Seagrass
  • Kelp
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20
Q

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

A
  • Available nutrients for photosynthetic organisms
  • Amount of available light (light intensity)
  • Temperature
  • Concentration of carbon dioxide
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21
Q

How does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

When the water is too hot or too cold it can affect
how much carbon dioxide is dissolved. No CO2
No photosynthesis.

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22
Q

Light energy in the photic zone…

A

increases the water temperature

23
Q

Increasing the temperature will increase…

A

kinetic particle movement and reduce the density of water (as the move apart)

24
Q

Photic surface water is…

A

less dense and warmer

25
Q

Aphotic means…

A

No light

26
Q

Aphotic deep water is…

A

more dense and closer

27
Q

Deep water has…

A

more nutrients

28
Q

More nutrients means…

A

more productivity (photosynthesis) that can happen where light can still penetrate, but nutrients are more abundant

29
Q

Chemoautotrohs

A

Bacteria that oxidize reduced inorganic substances (typically sulfur and ammonia compounds) and produce complex organic compounds.

30
Q

The species that exist near hydrothermal vents

A

Extremophiles

31
Q

Example of mutualistic relationship within Chemosyntheic bacteria

A

Giant tube worms and mussels that have the bacterial living in their gills

32
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed

33
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

Transformations of energy always result in some loss or dissipation of energy
or
In energy exchanges in a closed system, the potential energy of the final state will be less than that of the initial state
or
Entropy tends to increase (entropy = amount of unavailable energy in a system)

34
Q

The amount of new biomass made by the producers

A

Primary Productivity

35
Q

Gross Primary Production

A

The amount of light or chemical energy fixed by producers in a given length of time in a given area

36
Q

Net Primary Production

A

The amount of energy that is left over after respiration to be made into new plant biomass

37
Q

The rate at which they store energy is called…

A

Net production

38
Q

The rate of production of new biomass by consumers, using the energy gained by eating producers

A

Secondary Production

39
Q

Formula for Net production

A

Net production = gross production – respiratory loses

40
Q

Trophic structure of an ecosystem is…

A

The pattern of energy flow among different organisms

41
Q

Energy Losses Through Trophic Levels

A

-Limits to 4/5 organisms
• Insufficient energy is available to support a large enough breeding population at trophic levels higher than these
-Total mass of organisms in a particular place (biomass) is less at higher trophic levels
-Total amount of energy stored is less at each level as one moves op a food chain
-Only 5-20% (avg. 10%) of energy in one trophic level is passed to the next.

42
Q

What is the amount of energy available measured in

A

Kilojoules per square metre per year (kJ/m2/year)

43
Q

Energy efficiency formula

A

(energy AFTER transfer) / (energy BEFORE transfer)×100

44
Q

How much enerygy is passed to the next trophic level?

A

10%

45
Q

What is P=C−R−F−U?

A 
P is the energy available to pass to the next trophic level
C is the energy consumed (eaten)
R is the energy used in respiration
F is the energy lost in faeces
U is the energy lost in urine
46
Q

An organisms that maintains its body temperature by exchanging heat with its surroundings (cold blooded)

A

Ectothermic

47
Q

An organisms that maintains its body temperature by generating heat in metabolic processes (warm blooded)

A

Endothermic

48
Q

The more efficient energy transfer is…

A

the more trophic levels can be supported in a food chain

49
Q

A diagram that shows the number of organisms in each trophic level of a food chain

A

Pyramids of Numbers

50
Q

A diagram that shows the biomass present in each trophic level of a food chain

A

Pyramid of Biomass

51
Q

Biomass is a measure of…

A

Dry mass - water must be removed from the sample to accurately measure the mass of living tissue

52
Q

To measure dry mass the organisms must be…

A

killed - therefore estimates are made of the population and multiplied by the typical dry mass of the species

53
Q

A diagram that shows the amount of energy in each trophic level of a food chain

A

Pyramid of Energy

Azuka Marine (Mr McGill) (2 decks)

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