Productivity + Measuring Productivity

Question 1

Ecosystem

Answer 1

A community and its physical environment treated together as a functional system

Question 2

Abiotic components

Answer 2

• Non-living components of ecosystems
• Solar energy provides practically all the energy for ecosystems.
• Inorganic substances (ex. water, minerals) tend to cycle through ecosystems.
• Organic compounds, such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other complex molecules, form a link between biotic and abiotic components of the system

Question 3

Made by living organisms

Answer 3

organic substances

Question 4

Not made by living organisms

Answer 4

Inorganic substances

Question 5

Biotic compontnets

Answer 5

• Living components of ecosystems

- Can be classified according to their mode of energy acquisition

Question 6

Autotrophs

Answer 6

An organisms that can capture the energy in light or chemicals and use it to produce carbohydrates from simple molecules such as carbon dioxide

Question 7

Heterotrophs

Answer 7

An organisms that cannot make its own food and instead relies on consuming other organisms; all animals, fungi and protozoans are heterotrophic, as well as most bacteria

Question 8

The first stage of how things

are produced

Answer 8

Primary productivity

Question 9

Photosynthesis

Answer 9

Process of using light energy to synthesise glucose from carbon dioxide and water (plants and algae)

Question 10

Chemosynthesis

Answer 10

The production of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using the energy derived from reactions with inorganic chemicals (chemosynthetic organisms)

Question 11

A fundamental life process to create ATP (energy) for metabolic processes in the all living organisms

Answer 11

Cellular Respiration

Question 12

Aerobic respiration requires…

Answer 12

oxygen and glucose (organic chemical) which comes from the products of photosynthesis

Question 13

Source of chemical energy for life

Answer 13

Photosynthesis

Question 14

Where does photosynthesis occur in plants and algae?

Answer 14

In the Chlorophyll

Question 15

90% of living organisms in aquatic environments live here…

Answer 15

Photic zone

Question 16

Biomass

Answer 16

Living mass of an organism

Question 17

Photic zone

Answer 17

Place with a lot of light/access with to light

Question 18

Biomass is created by…

Answer 18

the synthesis of organic chemicals

Question 19

Most important producers in marine ecosystem:

Answer 19

• Phytoplankton
• Seagrass
• Kelp

Question 20

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

Answer 20

• Available nutrients for photosynthetic organisms
• Amount of available light (light intensity)
• Temperature
• Concentration of carbon dioxide

Question 21

How does temperature affect photosynthesis?

Answer 21

When the water is too hot or too cold it can affect
how much carbon dioxide is dissolved. No CO2
No photosynthesis.

Question 22

Light energy in the photic zone…

Answer 22

increases the water temperature

Question 23

Increasing the temperature will increase…

Answer 23

kinetic particle movement and reduce the density of water (as the move apart)

Question 24

Photic surface water is…

Answer 24

less dense and warmer

Question 25

Aphotic means...

Answer 25

No light

Question 26

Aphotic deep water is...

Answer 26

more dense and closer

Question 27

Deep water has...

Answer 27

more nutrients

Question 28

More nutrients means...

Answer 28

more productivity (photosynthesis) that can happen where light can still penetrate, but nutrients are more abundant

Question 29

Chemoautotrohs

Answer 29

Bacteria that oxidize reduced inorganic substances (typically sulfur and ammonia compounds) and produce complex organic compounds.

Question 30

The species that exist near hydrothermal vents

Answer 30

Extremophiles

Question 31

Example of mutualistic relationship within Chemosyntheic bacteria

Answer 31

Giant tube worms and mussels that have the bacterial living in their gills

Question 32

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 32

Energy can be converted from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed

Question 33

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 33

Transformations of energy always result in some loss or dissipation of energy or In energy exchanges in a closed system, the potential energy of the final state will be less than that of the initial state or Entropy tends to increase (entropy = amount of unavailable energy in a system)

Question 34

The amount of new biomass made by the producers

Answer 34

Primary Productivity

Question 35

Gross Primary Production

Answer 35

The amount of light or chemical energy fixed by producers in a given length of time in a given area

Question 36

Net Primary Production

Answer 36

The amount of energy that is left over after respiration to be made into new plant biomass

Question 37

The rate at which they store energy is called...

Answer 37

Net production

Question 38

The rate of production of new biomass by consumers, using the energy gained by eating producers

Answer 38

Secondary Production

Question 39

Formula for Net production

Answer 39

Net production = gross production – respiratory loses

Question 40

Trophic structure of an ecosystem is...

Answer 40

The pattern of energy flow among different organisms

Question 41

Energy Losses Through Trophic Levels

Answer 41

-Limits to 4/5 organisms • Insufficient energy is available to support a large enough breeding population at trophic levels higher than these -Total mass of organisms in a particular place (biomass) is less at higher trophic levels -Total amount of energy stored is less at each level as one moves op a food chain -Only 5-20% (avg. 10%) of energy in one trophic level is passed to the next.

Question 42

What is the amount of energy available measured in

Answer 42

Kilojoules per square metre per year (kJ/m2/year)

Question 43

Energy efficiency formula

Answer 43

(energy AFTER transfer) / (energy BEFORE transfer)×100

Question 44

How much enerygy is passed to the next trophic level?

Answer 44

10%

Question 45

What is P=C−R−F−U?

Answer 45

``` P is the energy available to pass to the next trophic level C is the energy consumed (eaten) R is the energy used in respiration F is the energy lost in faeces U is the energy lost in urine ```

Question 46

An organisms that maintains its body temperature by exchanging heat with its surroundings (cold blooded)

Answer 46

Ectothermic

Question 47

An organisms that maintains its body temperature by generating heat in metabolic processes (warm blooded)

Answer 47

Endothermic

Question 48

The more efficient energy transfer is...

Answer 48

the more trophic levels can be supported in a food chain

Question 49

A diagram that shows the number of organisms in each trophic level of a food chain

Answer 49

Pyramids of Numbers

Question 50

A diagram that shows the biomass present in each trophic level of a food chain

Answer 50

Pyramid of Biomass

Question 51

Biomass is a measure of...

Answer 51

Dry mass - water must be removed from the sample to accurately measure the mass of living tissue

Question 52

To measure dry mass the organisms must be...

Answer 52

killed - therefore estimates are made of the population and multiplied by the typical dry mass of the species

Question 53

A diagram that shows the amount of energy in each trophic level of a food chain

Answer 53

Pyramid of Energy