Professional Practices Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
What methods can school psychologists use to gather information from parents?
A
Questionnaires and interviews
Both methods can be conducted in person, via phone, or video.
2
Q
What are two major differences between questionnaires and interviews?
A
- Questionnaires are less expensive
- Interviews involve social interaction
Questionnaires do not require interviewer training.
3
Q
Why might questionnaires be preferable for sensitive subjects like truancy?
A
People are more comfortable privately completing them.
4
Q
What is an interview schedule?
A
A set of prepared questions asked in a standardized format.
5
Q
What type of questions can be used in interviews?
A
- Closed questions
- Open questions
Closed questions generate fixed responses, while open questions allow for personal expression.
6
Q
What are the advantages of structured interviews?
A
- Easier to quantify data
- Quick to conduct
- Can gather large samples efficiently
7
Q
What are the disadvantages of structured interviews?
A
- Lack of flexibility
- Closed questions provide limited detail
8
Q
What characterizes unstructured interviews?
A
They are like guided conversations without a strict sequence of questions.
9
Q
What are the advantages of unstructured interviews?
A
- Greater flexibility
- Yield qualitative data
- Greater validity
They allow for deeper insights and understanding of motivations.
10
Q
What are the disadvantages of unstructured interviews?
A
- More time-consuming
- Requires skilled interviewers
11
Q
What is the interviewer effect?
A
The influence of the interviewer’s presence on the interviewee’s responses.
12
Q
What factors can cause interviewer effects?
A
- Interviewer’s age
- Ethnicity
- Gender
- Social status
- Body language
13
Q
What is frequency/event recording?
A
Counting behavior occurrences observed during specified time periods.
14
Q
When is event/frequency recording best used?
A
For behaviors with distinct beginnings and ends.
15
Q
What is duration recording?
A
Measuring the individual and cumulative length of behavioral occurrences.
16
Q
What does latency recording measure?
A
The time elapsed after giving a direction before the student initiates the specified behavior.
17
Q
What is time-sampling interval recording?
A
Dividing observation periods into equal intervals to identify behavior occurrence/absence.
18
Q
What is whole-interval recording?
A
Scores a behavior’s presence if it occurs throughout the entire specified time interval.
19
Q
What is partial-interval recording?
A
Scores a behavior if it occurs at any time during the interval.
20
Q
What is momentary time-sampling?
A
Records a behavior’s presence or absence only at the moment a timed interval starts.
21
Q
What does the Behavior Observation of Students in Schools (BOSS) measure?
A
- On-task behavior
- Off-task behavior
It categorizes engagement into active and passive types.
22
Q
What are the seven classroom behavior categories identified by the ADHDSOC?
A
- Interference
- Motor movement
- Noncompliance
- Verbal aggression
- Symbolic aggression
- Object aggression
- Off-task
23
Q
What should a psychological evaluation report include?
A
- Reason for referral
- Assessment procedures
- Background information
- Behavioral observations
- Test results
- Interpretations
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
24
Q
Why is background information important in a psychological evaluation?
A
It helps inform the school psychologist’s interpretation of the student’s performance.
25
What factors should school psychologists consider for non-discriminatory assessments?
* Individual situations
* Personal and professional biases
26
What type of information can inform a student's assessment?
* Disabilities
* Time spent in regular education
* Medical diagnoses
* Test results
27
What is Response to Intervention (RtI)?
A framework for a multi-level preventative system to promote maximal student learning.
28
What is Response to Intervention (RtI)?
A framework for a multi-level preventative system to promote student learning and achievement
## Footnote
It aims to prevent or decrease student problem behaviors through assessment and intervention.
29
What are the key components of the RtI system?
Screening, data-based decision-making, progress monitoring, prevention
## Footnote
These components work together to improve student outcomes.
30
What does validity refer to in screening tools?
Whether the screener tests what it is supposed to test
31
What does reliability refer to in screening tools?
Whether the results are consistent across administrations
32
Define classification accuracy in the context of screening tools.
How well a screening tool can classify students into at-risk or not at-risk categories
33
What is generalizability concerning screening tools?
How well a screening tool’s results can be applied to different populations
34
What is Test-Retest Reliability?
Comparison of screening test scores obtained at two different times
35
What is Parallel-Forms Reliability?
Comparison of results from two equivalent forms of a screening tool
36
What does Split-Half Reliability measure?
How well two halves of a screening test compare to each other
37
What is Interrater Reliability?
Comparison of results across different administrators of the same screening tool
38
What is content validity?
How well a test represents the domain it addresses
39
Explain criterion validity.
How much a test’s results correspond to a specific criterion measurement
40
What is construct validity?
How well an instrument reflects the construct it is intended to measure
41
What is face validity?
A subjective judgment about whether a test appears to measure what it is supposed to measure
42
What are criterion-referenced targets?
Scores that indicate benchmark performance in reading or math probes
43
What are norm-referenced targets?
Scores compared to local and national norms
44
What is Spearman's 'g factor' theory of intelligence?
A theory suggesting intelligence is a generalized cognitive ability, measurable in numerical terms
45
List Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities.
* Verbal comprehension
* Reasoning
* Perceptual speed
* Numerical ability
* Word fluency
* Associative memory
* Spatial visualization
46
What are Gardner's eight intelligences?
* Visual-spatial intelligence
* Verbal-linguistic intelligence
* Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
* Logical-mathematical intelligence
* Interpersonal intelligence
* Intrapersonal intelligence
* Musical intelligence
* Naturalistic intelligence
47
What are Sternberg's three factors of 'successful intelligence'?
* Analytical intelligence
* Creative intelligence
* Practical intelligence
48
What do academic achievement tests measure?
Specific academic skills and compare them to similar students' skills
49
How do academic achievement tests differ from classroom assessments?
Achievement tests measure general skills, while classroom assessments measure specific skills just taught
50
What is a common range for average scores on standardized academic achievement tests?
90 to 109
51
What is the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT)?
One of the most commonly administered academic achievement tests
52
What does the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) measure?
Student performance in reading, math, science, civics, arts, writing, economics, US history, and geography
53
What cognitive abilities does the Woodcock-Johnson (WJ) test measure?
* Long-Term Retrieval
* Short-Term Memory
54
What is the primary focus of standardized measures of executive function (EF) in schools?
To assess and analyze students' executive functioning capabilities
55
What is the main purpose of screening tools in educational psychology?
To identify students at risk for academic difficulties
56
What does the Picture Recognition test measure?
Visual memory
## Footnote
This test falls under the category of Visual Processing.
57
Which tests are included under Short-Term Memory?
* Numbers Reversed
* Auditory Working Memory
* Memory for Words
* Digit Span subscale
* Letter-Number Sequencing
* Sentences
## Footnote
These tests measure working memory and memory span.
58
What age range does the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) cover?
Ages 5-18
## Footnote
It includes a preschool form and has versions for teachers and parents.
59
What are the scale scores for Metacognition in the BRIEF?
* Planning/Organizing
* Working Memory
* Initiation
* Materials Organization
* Monitoring
## Footnote
These scores assess various aspects of metacognitive processes.
60
What does the Behavior Regulation Index in the BRIEF include?
* Emotional Control
* Shifting
* Inhibition
## Footnote
This index measures behavioral regulation skills.
61
What does the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)-Teacher Report Form assess?
Emotional/social attentional functioning
## Footnote
It is generally used for assessing children's behavior in school settings.
62
What areas does the Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY) test?
* Executive Functioning/Attention
* Sensorimotor Functioning
* Visual-Spatial Processing
* Social Perception
* Memory and Learning
* Language
## Footnote
It is administered individually to ages 3-4 and 5-16.
63
What is the purpose of the Cognitive Assessment System?
To assess planning and attention
## Footnote
It uses six subtests to evaluate these skills.
64
What does the Children’s Category Test (CCT) evaluate?
Categorization and mental flexibility
## Footnote
It is nonverbal and designed for ages 6-16.
65
What is assessed during the WISC-IV Advanced Clinical Interpretation?
Executive Function via four subtests
## Footnote
Each subtest comes from a different modality.
66
What emotional self-regulation aspects are assessed in classrooms?
* Emotional self-regulation during tasks
* Problem-solving strategies
* Task/goal persistence
* Attention maintenance and span
* Organization
* Time management
## Footnote
These assessments can inform teaching strategies.
67
What difficulties are associated with writing according to the assessment?
* Planning how writing fits on a page
* Motor control
* Content organization
* Idea retrieval and use
* Thought manipulation
* Execution
## Footnote
These factors can affect a student's writing abilities.
68
Fill in the blank: The Recognizing Rhyme Assessment tests whether children can identify _______.
[rhyming words]
## Footnote
This includes distinguishing between rhyming and non-rhyming words.
69
What are the two types of adaptive behaviors?
* Developmental skills
* Everyday living activities
## Footnote
These behaviors help individuals adapt to their environment.
70
What does the Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R) assess?
* Adaptive behaviors
* Behavior problems
* Overall independence
## Footnote
It provides norms for age groups from three months to 80+ years.
71
True or False: Maladaptive behaviors steadily increase or decrease with age.
False
## Footnote
Maladaptive behaviors are expressed variably across settings and do not follow a steady trend with age.
72
What is the original name of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS)?
Vineland Social Maturity Scale
## Footnote
The VABS was originally developed to assess social maturity.
73
What is the age range for the norms established in the VABS?
Up to 18 years
## Footnote
The VABS includes norms for assessing individuals from infancy through 18 years of age.
74
How many items are included in the two editions of the VABS?
577 items and 297 items
## Footnote
The VABS has two editions that collect information through semi-structured interviews.
75
Who is required to administer the VABS according to the manual?
Psychologist/social worker/other professional with training
## Footnote
Administrators must have a graduate degree in interviewing techniques.
76
What domains does the VABS include for children aged 5-18?
* Maladaptive Behavior Domain
* Motor Skills Domain
## Footnote
The Maladaptive Behavior Domain lists behaviors that can be scored based on frequency.
77
What is the purpose of the AAIDD Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS)?
Evaluate how an individual copes with natural and social demands
## Footnote
The AAIDD ABS is designed to assess adaptive behavior in various settings.
78
What types of items are included in the AAIDD ABS?
* Yes/No items
* Highest level circled items
## Footnote
Some items may have confusing negative wording.
79
What is the primary focus of the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning (ICAP)?
Measures adaptive and maladaptive behaviors
## Footnote
The ICAP also collects demographic and service-related information.
80
What does the ICAP provide in addition to measuring behaviors?
Service Score
## Footnote
The Service Score indicates the individual's overall need for supervision, training, and/or care.
81
What is the age range for the Social Emotional Evaluation® (SEE)?
Ages 6.0-12.11
## Footnote
The SEE assesses social and emotional skills for children in this age range.
82
What are the five subtests used in the SEE?
* Recalling Facial Expressions
* Identifying Common Emotions
* Recognizing Emotional Reactions
* Understanding Social Gaffes (with audio)
* Understanding Conflicting Messages (with audio)
## Footnote
The subtests use pictures and audio to assess various emotional and social skills.
83
What type of instrument is the Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE)?
Parental reporting instrument
## Footnote
It is designed for children from infancy to 5 years old.
84
What is Emotional Intelligence (EI) also known as?
EQ
## Footnote
The term EQ was popularized by psychologist Daniel Goleman.
85
List the five domains of Emotional Intelligence.
* Self-awareness
* Emotional management
* Self-motivation
* Empathy
* Handling relationships
## Footnote
These domains encompass the competencies involved in EI.
86
True or False: EI tests typically require trained administrators.
False
## Footnote
EI tests generally do not require extensive resources or trained administrators.
87
What is the primary purpose of Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)?
Analyze the purpose or function of behaviors
## Footnote
FBA aims to understand why individuals exhibit certain behaviors.
88
What are performance deficits in the context of maladaptive behaviors?
Possessing the skill but not applying it consistently
## Footnote
Performance deficits can lead to inappropriate behaviors in certain situations.
89
What is indirect assessment in FBA?
Gathering information from informants through structured interviews
## Footnote
Indirect assessment involves understanding behaviors from the perspectives of teachers, parents, and others.
90
What can be included in a student portfolio for assessment?
* Writing samples
* Lab reports
* Audio/video recordings
* Art works
* Physical constructions and projects
* Photographs
* Interview transcripts
* Quizzes and tests
## Footnote
Portfolios can showcase a variety of student work and skills.
91
What is the purpose of explicit instruction in portfolio assessment?
To clarify all policies or principles guiding what students can include in their portfolios
## Footnote
This ensures students understand expectations and evaluation criteria.
92
What should comprehensive rubrics include in portfolio assessment?
Structured information regarding:
* Required components
* Organization
* Content and length of reflections and entries
## Footnote
A comprehensive rubric enhances objectivity in assessment.
93
What is the role of reflection in comprehensive portfolio assessment?
Enables students to analyze their accomplishments, compare them to class standards, and evaluate their products
## Footnote
Reflection fosters metacognition and responsibility for learning.
94
What are showcase portfolios?
Portfolios that highlight a student’s best products within a given course/time period
## Footnote
Examples include resumes, marketing projects, and various writing genres.
95
What do process portfolios emphasize?
Learning processes more than end products
## Footnote
They may include outlines, drafts, feedback, and revisions.
96
What is contained in evaluation portfolios?
Course evaluations and student accomplishments/learning/performance relative to pre-established goals/criteria
## Footnote
These portfolios can show both difficulties and best work.
97
What is an online/e-portfolio?
A digital portfolio that can be any type or a combination of showcase, process, or evaluation portfolios
## Footnote
All contents are accessible online.
98
True or False: Portfolio assessment can establish a student-teacher dialogue.
True
## Footnote
This dialogue helps clarify assessment and improvement actions.
99
How does portfolio assessment raise student awareness?
By involving students in the evaluation process and yielding more individualized assessment
## Footnote
It can show a wide range of accomplishments and skills.
100
What are the components of curriculum-based assessment (CBA)?
Collecting data, interpreting the data collected, and designing interventions based on the data and interpretations
## Footnote
CBA connects assessment and instruction effectively.
101
What is the assumption shared by various models of CBA?
Educators should test what they teach
## Footnote
This principle ensures that assessments are relevant to the curriculum.
102
Describe the normative sampling procedure in CBA.
Taking samples from the mainstreamed class of acceptable student performance and average student performance to establish mastery criteria
## Footnote
Useful for setting performance criteria for diverse classrooms.
103
What is ecological assessment?
A comprehensive process to collect data about a student's functioning in different settings or environments
## Footnote
It helps identify variations in student behavior across contexts.
104
What types of information are gathered during an ecological assessment?
Information about:
* Physical environment
* Student activity and behavior patterns
* Interactions with authority figures and peers
## Footnote
This data is crucial for understanding student needs.
105
What is the purpose of task analysis in ecological assessment?
To list all skills needed for each specific setting and document skills demonstrated/not demonstrated
## Footnote
It helps set relevant intervention goals.
106
Fill in the blank: The ecological assessment can help identify why students behave differently in _______.
[different environments]
107
What are some advantages of curriculum-based assessment (CBA)?
Advantages include:
* Connection of instruction to curriculum
* Frequent administration
* Sensitivity to short-term academic improvements
## Footnote
CBA aids in evaluating student progress and instructional effectiveness.
108
What is the main goal of establishing criteria for student mastery in CBA?
To determine what should be designated as the absolute criteria for mastery of the curriculum
## Footnote
This is particularly important for classes with mainstreamed special education students.
109
True or False: Data collection enabled by technology is essential for decision-making in schools.
True
## Footnote
Lack of data can lead to poor decision-making and frequent policy changes.
110
What does D3M stand for?
Data-Driven Decision Making
## Footnote
This process relies on collected data to inform school decisions.
111
What should intervention goals be based on in ecological assessments?
Necessary but undemonstrated skills identified through observations
## Footnote
Goals must also be developmentally appropriate.
112
What does D3M stand for?
Data-Driven Decision-Making
113
How does D3M change school culture?
Shifts from having answers to asking the right questions
114
True or False: D3M saves time for school administrators and teachers.
False
115
What are the expected expenses when implementing D3M?
Increased expenses for training, data validation, and maintenance
116
Fill in the blank: Data-driven decision-making does not equal finding _______.
solutions
117
What is a key challenge in implementing D3M solutions?
Underestimating the complexity of working with educational data
118
What must schools ensure in vendor contracts regarding D3M?
Data-cleansing expertise
119
What is advised regarding initial expenses for D3M solutions?
Do not spend a lot of money upfront
120
What are two applications of NWEA data mentioned?
* Producing tests aligned with standards
* Informing professional development decisions
121
What is the initial step in the educational progress monitoring cycle?
Initial assessment of historical data
122
List the essential elements of school data-based student progress monitoring.
* Data-driven monitoring
* Measurable outcomes/goals
* Sensitivity to student growth increments
* Effective, efficient classroom use
* User-friendly formats
* Connection with appropriate activities and general education curriculum
123
What are the goals of data-based student progress monitoring?
* Guiding instructional decisions
* Identifying current student performance levels
* Measuring and reporting progress toward goals
* Reevaluation for special education eligibility
124
What is the two-pronged approach to monitoring student progress?
* Progress toward general outcomes
* Progress toward specific skills
125
True or False: Assessment of general outcomes is more representative than assessment of specific skills.
False
126
What are the seven steps in CBA for monitoring student/school progress?
* Establish measurable yearly goals and objectives
* Make decisions about data collection
* Identify schedule and tools for data collection
* Represent the data collected
* Evaluate the data collected
* Adjust instruction based on data analysis
* Communicate progress toward goals and objectives
127
What is the purpose of curriculum-based analysis (CBA)?
To measure student/school progress toward general outcomes
128
What is a common characteristic of outcome measures?
Conducted routinely and considered critical to effective operations
129
What role does parental input play in the educational progress monitoring cycle?
It informs the initial assessment and instructional decisions
130
Fill in the blank: D3M processes can be supported by a broad range of _______.
solutions and technologies
131
What is Collaborative Problem-Solving (CPS)?
CPS is a required and critical skill in educational settings and employment that involves effective division of labor, integrating multiple perspectives, and organized efforts toward shared goals.
## Footnote
CPS enhances quality and creativity in solutions through collaboration.
132
Why is collaboration preferred over individual problem-solving?
Collaboration enables effective division of labor, incorporates diverse perspectives, and stimulates enhanced quality and creativity in solutions.
## Footnote
It also requires shared goals and organized efforts, which go beyond mere social interaction.
133
What are some key 21st-century skills emphasized in education?
Key skills include:
* Information and communication technology (ICT) skills
* Self-management
* Problem-solving
* Critical thinking
* Communication
* Collaboration
## Footnote
These skills are essential for preparing students for modern employment.
134
What is virtual collaboration?
Virtual collaboration is defined as the ability to work productively, drive engagement, and demonstrate presence as a member of a virtual team.
## Footnote
This skill is increasingly important for future employment.
135
What does Norm-Referenced Testing (NRT) assume?
NRT assumes that intelligence, academic achievement, behavior, and other traits are distributed along a normal probability curve.
## Footnote
This allows for comparison of individual scores to a norm group.
136
What is a standard score in NRT?
A standard score corresponds to a statistical average/mean of 100, with 15 representing one standard deviation.
## Footnote
For example, a score of 115 is one SD above the mean.
137
What does a percentile rank indicate?
Percentile rank reflects the percentage of scores in a norm group that fall below a specific score.
## Footnote
For instance, a percentile rank of 85 means the student scored higher than 85% of peers.
138
True or False: A grade-equivalent score of 4.5 means a student is performing at the same level as the average student in the fifth month of the fourth grade.
True.
## Footnote
It indicates the student's raw score matches that of the average student in that grade and time frame.
139
What are the strengths of self-report inventories?
Strengths include:
* Low cost
* Standardization
* Greater validity and reliability than projective tests
* Quick administration
## Footnote
Examples include the MMPI and Cattell’s 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire.
140
What are some limitations of self-report inventories?
Limitations include:
* Potential for respondent deception
* Tedious administration
* Lack of self-knowledge or honest expression
## Footnote
The MMPI can take about three hours to complete.
141
What are the strengths of multiple-choice tests?
Strengths include:
* Versatility across subjects
* Adaptability to different learning levels
* Faster student response
* Objective scoring
* Less influenced by guessing
## Footnote
They also allow for item analysis to improve test quality.
142
What are the limitations of multiple-choice tests?
Limitations include:
* Inability to assess thought processes
* Reliance on guessing affects reliability
## Footnote
They do not allow for original ideas or explanations.
143
What is test-retest reliability?
Test-retest reliability assesses whether the same test administered under the same conditions yields consistent results over time.
## Footnote
It is suitable for stable characteristics like IQ.
144
What is internal consistency reliability?
Internal consistency reliability shows whether individual items within a test are consistent with one another.
## Footnote
Methods include split-half testing and using statistical procedures like Cronbach’s Alpha.
145
What is the difference between internal and external validity?
Internal validity refers to whether test results can be attributed to the identified variables, while external validity indicates how well results generalize to other populations or settings.
## Footnote
High internal validity eliminates confounding variables.
146
What is criterion validity?
Criterion validity assesses whether a test measures a specified set of skills by comparing it to an established standard.
## Footnote
Types include concurrent validity and predictive validity.
147
What is concurrent validity?
Concurrent validity is when two assessments are compared simultaneously or close together in time.
148
What is predictive validity?
Predictive validity assesses criterion validity by administering the same test over a period of time.
149
Provide an example of predictive validity.
Universities use applicants’ high school grades to predict post-secondary grades.
150
What mistake did Coca-Cola researchers make regarding concurrent validity?
They did not ask respondents whether they liked the new flavor better than the original.
151
What personal factors should school psychologists consider during assessments?
Vision or hearing impairment, physical disabilities, intellectual or cognitive disabilities.
152
How can health conditions affect student assessments?
Temporary or chronic illnesses and lack of sleep or breakfast can lead to suboptimal performance.
153
What social factors related to home life can influence student assessments?
Child abuse, neglect, parental substance abuse, socioeconomic status, and parental involvement.
154
What environmental factors should be evaluated by school psychologists?
Age relative to grade, instructional level suitability, emotional adjustment, and educator expectations.
155
What is test bias in psychological assessment?
Test bias occurs when average test scores vary among ethnic groups, leading to potential overdiagnosis or unfair placements.
156
List the four prevalent types of reasons for test score variation.
* Genetic factors
* Environmental factors
* Interaction of genetic and environmental influences
* Systematic underrepresentation of abilities
157
What does cultural test bias mean?
A test that systematically underestimates or overestimates the abilities of individuals based on ethnicity, gender, or culture.
158
What are the three types of bias in standardized testing instruments?
* Construct bias
* Method bias
* Item bias
159
What is the purpose of screening tools?
Identifying developmental areas needing additional evaluation, not determining special education eligibility.
160
Why are traditional assessment procedures not very valid for preschool ages?
They often do not apply to early childhood due to developmental restrictions in understanding and responding.
161
What is play-based assessment?
An alternative assessment method for young children that allows them to demonstrate abilities through play.
162
What is portfolio-based authentic assessment?
Integrates assessment into preschool curriculum, collecting data from everyday events to represent children's abilities.
163
What is the significance of English-language proficiency (ELP) levels in ELL students?
ELP levels vary widely; students may have different oral vs. written ELP levels affecting assessment performance.
164
What factors affect how ELL students are assessed?
* L1 formal education
* English formal education
* Standardized test exposure
165
Why might ELL students be disadvantaged in standardized testing?
Cultural differences and unfamiliarity with mainstream American culture can affect test responses.
166
What factors should be considered in the assessment of students with hearing loss?
Residual hearing amount, etiology of hearing loss, age of onset, communication skills, and any co-occurring disabilities.
167
What factors must be considered when assessing Deaf or hearing-impaired students?
Factors include:
* residual hearing amount
* etiology of hearing loss
* age of onset
* communication skills
* co-occurring disabilities
* first language
* linguistic and cultural background
## Footnote
These factors help determine a student’s specific needs for effective assessment.
168
How should standardized tests not designed for the Deaf population be administered?
They must be administered in non-standardized modes
## Footnote
This adaptation is necessary to accommodate the unique needs of Deaf students.
169
What is recommended for children aged 0-3 years regarding audiological assessments?
Regular audiological assessments are recommended, with increased frequency for those with chronic otitis media and/or speech/language problems
## Footnote
Early detection and intervention are critical for effective support.
170
Why is parental involvement critical in the assessment process for children with hearing loss?
Parental involvement is critical for information quantity and quality, impacting communication and educational decisions
## Footnote
Parents' insights on how they communicate with their children can enhance assessment outcomes.
171
What is the role of a school nurse in assessing visual impairments in young children?
A school nurse may conduct a brief vision assessment as the first step in determining a child's visual status
## Footnote
This assessment can prompt referrals to specialists if visual impairment is suspected.
172
What should be done if a child fails initial vision assessments?
Refer the child to a pediatric ophthalmologist or other eye specialist and obtain further information from medical providers
## Footnote
Comprehensive evaluations are essential for accurate diagnosis and intervention.
173
What type of assessment is recommended for children 0-3 years old who fail initial vision assessments in some states?
Functional vision assessment
## Footnote
This assessment helps understand how the child uses their sight and what accommodations may be necessary.
174
What areas should be assessed in children 0-5 years old with visual impairments?
Areas include:
* sensorimotor development
* adaptive development
* communication skills
* concept development
* emotional development
* social development
## Footnote
A holistic approach ensures comprehensive understanding of the child's needs.
175
True or False: Assessment teams for children with visual impairments must include experts in assessment and intervention.
True
## Footnote
Expertise is crucial for accurate assessments and effective interventions.
176
What can sensorineural hearing losses caused by conditions like rubella and meningitis affect?
They can affect the vestibular system, impairing:
* visual-motor functioning
* equilibrium (balance)
* body awareness
## Footnote
Understanding these impacts is important for tailored interventions.
177
Fill in the blank: Assessment teams for children with hearing loss must include __________.
[audiologists with experience in assessment and intervention]
## Footnote
Their expertise is essential for supporting young children with hearing impairment.
178
What are the main types of assessments for children with severe orthopedic impairments?
Functional gross and fine motor skills and orthopedic function areas
## Footnote
These assessments are conducted by physical therapists and/or occupational therapists.
179
Who should be included in assessment teams for children with orthopedic impairments?
Someone with knowledge of orthopedic impairments and training in providing interventions for these disabilities
## Footnote
This ensures appropriate support and intervention strategies.
180
What accommodations should be considered during assessments for children with orthopedic impairments?
Positioning, technological devices, adaptive equipment, additional time
## Footnote
These accommodations help in obtaining valid assessment results.
181
What are the three components of Renzulli's conception of giftedness?
Well above-average ability, task commitment, creativity
## Footnote
Their interaction is more important than any one component alone.
182
What does 'task commitment' include in the context of giftedness?
Interest, enthusiasm, engagement, determination, hard work, self-confidence
## Footnote
These traits contribute to sustained effort in a specific area.
183
What characteristics define 'creativity' in gifted individuals?
Original thought, fluency, flexibility, curiosity, adventurousness
## Footnote
Creativity also involves a willingness to take risks and sensitivity to aesthetics.
184
What is the first step in Renzulli's identification system for gifted students?
Test scores
## Footnote
This step identifies students for educational programs for the gifted/talented.
185
What is the second step in Renzulli's identification system?
Teacher nominations
## Footnote
Teachers often observe talents not identified by standardized tests.
186
What are alternate pathways in Renzulli's identification system?
Local school district options including parent nominations, peer nominations, self-nominations, creativity tests
## Footnote
These pathways ensure a broader identification process.
187
What is the purpose of the 'special nominations' step in Renzulli's identification system?
To allow all teachers to nominate students not nominated by current teachers
## Footnote
This step helps identify underachievers and bypasses biases.
188
What does the Response to Intervention (RtI) framework aim to identify?
How students respond to specific instructional changes
## Footnote
It is used as part of assessment procedures under IDEA regulations.
189
What are the main components of RtI?
Early intervention, ongoing student progress evaluation, referral to special education evaluation
## Footnote
It addresses achievement and behavior problems.
190
What roles do school psychologists play in RtI?
Designing, implementing, and evaluating problem-solving and RtI approaches
## Footnote
They expand their roles in assessment and intervention.
191
What is the focus of mental health (MH) consultation?
Improving the consultee's job performance
## Footnote
The goal is not to improve the consultee's sense of well-being.
192
What types of consultation exist in the context of mental health?
Client-centered, consultee-centered, program-centered, school MH consultation
## Footnote
Each type addresses different aspects of mental health in a school setting.
193
What are the goals of behavioral consultation?
Changing client behavior, changing consultee behavior, producing organizational changes
## Footnote
It involves indirect problem-solving services.
194
What is the main focus of instructional consultation (IC)?
Improving teachers' abilities to address classroom issues through data-based decision-making
## Footnote
IC is founded on consultee-centered principles.
195
What skills are essential for school psychologists in the IC model?
Collaborative problem-solving, effective communication, instructional and behavioral assessment
## Footnote
Teamwork skills are also crucial for IC Team members.
196
What is the importance of establishing positive collaborative relationships in consultation?
Engaging all stakeholders to participate effectively
## Footnote
This is informed by social psychology principles.
197
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Ascribes others’ behaviors to their disposition instead of the situation
## Footnote
Avoiding this error prevents judgments of others in consultative interactions.
198
What are the two routes of persuasion according to the elaboration likelihood model?
* Central communication (logical/cognitive arguments)
* Peripheral communication (perceived authority or mood)
## Footnote
Central routes lead to deeper, longer-lasting beliefs, while peripheral routes are usually easier.
199
How should school psychologists present themselves in consultations?
As true collaborators, not as consultation 'experts'
## Footnote
This approach establishes environments conducive to change.
200
What are key components of effective communication for school psychologists?
* Clarity
* Engaging style
* Avoiding jargon
* Good listening skills
## Footnote
Effective communication is essential both face-to-face and in written forms.
201
Who must school psychologists engage with from an ecological perspective?
* Physical therapists
* Occupational therapists
* Speech-language pathologists
* Other specialists
* Social workers
* Counselors
* Physicians
## Footnote
This engagement is crucial for effective community facilitation.
202
What is the ultimate goal of school psychologists in community facilitation?
School recognition of their potential to solve problems through networking with community resources
## Footnote
This involves engaging community members actively.
203
What does building rapport and trust with community resources involve?
Understanding cultural issues, historical school-community relationships, and school openness
## Footnote
These factors are part of effective interpersonal communication.
204
What strategies can school psychologists implement to establish home-school partnerships?
* Acknowledge need for addressing issues across contexts
* Implement evidence-based family interventions
* Form school-based teams for collaborative initiatives
* Support reciprocal communication between schools and homes
* Include families in student assessment and planning
* Provide professional development opportunities
## Footnote
These strategies enhance educational outcomes.
205
What are three ways to promote school-community collaborations?
* Expand the vision of the school to include the community
* Conduct community walks to engage stakeholders
* Create a community resource map
## Footnote
These strategies enhance connections between schools and their communities.
206
What role do school psychologists play in promoting student mental health?
They coordinate school and community support, advocate for students' needs, and facilitate access to community resources
## Footnote
They help families navigate services and improve student outcomes.
207
How do school psychologists assist families in accessing community services?
By helping them locate suitable agencies, apply for funding, and find affordable services
## Footnote
They promote transitions between different educational environments.
208
What functions do school psychologists perform to strengthen collaborations?
* Serve as liaisons between parents and service providers
* Recruit community providers for school programs
* Provide psychological counseling and refer families to other providers
## Footnote
These roles improve student mental health and learning.
209
Fill in the blank: School psychologists collaborate with community agencies to provide services that enhance _______.
[psychological and physical health]
