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Academic German > Profiency Exam > Flashcards

Profiency Exam Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

I

A

ich / mich / mir / meiner

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2
Q

You

A

du / dich / dir / deiner

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3
Q

He

A

er / ihn / ihm / seiner

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4
Q

She

A

sie / sie / ihr / ihrer

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5
Q

It

A

es / es / ihm / seiner

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6
Q

We

A

wir / uns / uns / unserer

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7
Q

You (pl.)

A

ihr / euch / euch / eurer

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8
Q

They

A

sie / sie / ihnen / ihrer

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9
Q

You (formal)

A

Sie / Sie / Ihnen / Ihrer

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10
Q

Dative prepositions

A

Used for time and location

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11
Q

Accusative prepositions

A

Used for directionality and motion

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12
Q

Verb infinitives used as nouns

A

Always neuter; English gerund (verb + ing)

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13
Q

Comparative + als

A

… than …

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14
Q

Immer + comparative

A

repeat the comparative in the sense of progression (e.g. immer wider: again and again)

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15
Q

Je + comparative … desto / je / umso + comparative

A

comparative dependent and main clause (“je” marks the independent variable)

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16
Q

Gern + verb

A

to like to do something

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17
Q

Gern with haben + person / thing

A

to like [person / thing]

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18
Q

Future tense

A

werden + infinitive

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19
Q

Future perfect tense

A

werden (finite verb) + [participle + haben / sein]

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20
Q

Selbst / selber after noun or pronoun

A

emphasis function; translate as personal pronoun

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21
Q

Selbst before noun or pronoun

A

even + noun / pronoun

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22
Q

Passive voice

A

werden + past participle

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23
Q

Present and past perfect in passive voice

A

sein (finite verb) + past participle + worden

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24
Q

Future tense in passive voice

A

werden (finite verb) + past participle + werden (infinitive)

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25
Modal in passive voice
modal (finite verb) + past participle + werden (infinitive)
26
Sondern / vielmehr
but rather (follows a negative to propose an alternative)
27
Dependent clause
subject and verb forming an incomplete thought; introduced by subordinating conjunction with the conjugated verb moved to the end of the clause; always set off by commas
28
Während
subordinating conjunction: "while" genitive preposition: "during"
29
Wenn auch (in any order)
even if / even when / even though
29
Indem
subordinating conjunction: "while" / "in the process" / "by [verb] + ing"
29
Da
subordinating conjunction: "since" / "because" adverb: "there" (location) / "then" (time)
30
Damit
subordinating conjunction: "so that" adverbial preposition: "as a result of that"
31
Reflexive constructions where subject is an inanimate object
substitute for passive voice
32
Reflexive construction with "lassen," an inanimate object or idea as subject, and no object
passive voice: "can be / could be / is able to be [verb]"
33
Reflexive construction with "lassen," subject, and object
"to have (something) done (by someone for oneself)"
34
Relative clauses
always set off by commas; verbs moved to the end - nominative: followed by verb that agrees in number and gender - accusative: often another subject is introduced - dative: often paired with a preposition - genitive: often paired with another noun that is the possession of the antecedent
35
Was (relative pronoun)
1. for neuter entities in generalized sense (alles, vieles, nicht, etwas, etc.) 2. for neuter superlatives used as a noun 3. for an unspecified antecedent (what) 4. for whole sentence as antecedent (something, the fact that...)
36
Perfect tense with modal verbs
haben (finite verb) ... verb infinitive + modal infinitive (where the modal infinitive functions as the past participle)
37
Dürfen
Objective: may Subjective: cannot (negative only; sense of disbelief)
38
Können
Objective: to be able to Subjective: *fairly certain assumption*
39
Mögen
Objective: like (preference) Subjective: may, could (uncertainty; possibility)
40
Müssen
Objective: must, have to (compulsion) Subjective: must (evidence-based conclusion)
41
Sollen
Objective: should / shalt (moral duty) Subjective: supposed to, said to (common assumption)
42
Wollen
Objective: want (wish; intention) Subjective: claim to (purported)
43
"Dessen" and "deren" as demonstrative adjectives
used in combination with another noun to refer to possession by the last-mentioned noun (translate as possessive pronouns)
44
Dies- and jen-
"this and that ..."; "dies" as a substitute for an entire clause or unspecified antecedent; "dieser... jener..." can mean "the former... the latter..."
45
Der-word + jenige
"the ..."; often followed by relative clause to specify the relevance of the demonstrative pronoun
46
Der-word + selbe
"the same..."
47
"Wer" as demonstrative pronoun
he who... / whoever... / anyone who...
48
"Was" as demonstrative pronoun
what... / whatever ... / that which ...
49
Verb + "wir" (in verb-first constructions)
let us...
50
"um ... zu" construction
in order to (purpose, consequence, or effect of the main clause)
51
"ohne ... zu" construction
without ... [verb] -ing
52
"(An)staat....zu" construction
instead of [verb] -ing
53
Ist / war + zu + inifinitive
can be / could be / must be / had to be / should be / is to be + participle
54
Dabei
in the process
55
Dagegen
on the other hand / however
56
Daher
therefore / for that reason
57
Damit
so that / in order that
58
Darauf
thereupon / after that
59
Dazu
in addition
60
Hier-compounds
preposition + "this"
61
Wenn nur
if only
62
Als ob / als wenn
as if / as though
63
Present subjunctive I
translate in the same tense as the introductory statement
64
Past subjunctive I
translate in the tense before that of the introductory statement (unless the reported discourse remains regarded as true)

Academic German (1 decks)

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